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. 2012 May;3(5):961-969.
doi: 10.3892/ol.2012.628. Epub 2012 Mar 1.

The pathobiological features of gastrointestinal cancers (Review)

Xue Yang  1 , Yasuo Takano, Hua-Chuan Zheng
Affiliations

The pathobiological features of gastrointestinal cancers (Review)

Xue Yang et al. Oncol Lett. 2012 May.

Abstract

Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma (GIA) is a common malignant disease worldwide. Its tumorigenesis and progression is a multistage process with the involvement of a multifactorial etiology. Knowledge regarding altered expression of these genes during carcinogenesis may not only provide information about the molecular events during the initiation and progression of cancer, but may also result in the discovery of biological markers for the evaluation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we assessed molecular markers of pathogenesis, invasion, metastasis and prognosis, such as tumor suppressor and metastasis suppressor genes, and angiogenesis, cell adhesion, cell mobility, ER stress, mucin production, threonine protein kinase and REG family protein expression, by the establishment of tissue microarray (TMA) of GIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) by intermittent microwave irradiation and in situ hybridization (ISH). Finally, we characterized the pathobiological features of Lauren's and WHO subtypes. It was found that the aberrant and cell-specific expression of these molecules is important in the malignant transformation of gastrointestinal epithelium and subsequent progression. These molecules also underlie the histogenic mechanisms of gastric carcinoma according to Lauren's and WHO classification. The combination of TMA, IHC and ISH may be widely applied to screen for molecular markers in GIA.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The combination of tissue microarray and rapid immunohistochemistry. (A) The tissue microarray was established by a tissue microarrayer and subjected to HE staining. (B) The slides were immunostained with an intermittent irradiation microwave following antigen retrieval with an electric microwave in an autoclave. HE, hematoxylin and eosin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Immunohistochemical staining of various markers in gastrointestinal carcinomas. (a) p53, (b) PTEN, (c) FHIT, (d) ING5, (e) Parafibromin, (f) KAI1, (g) maspin, (h) MMP-2, (i) MMP-7, (j) MMP-9, (k) EMMPRIN, (l) VEGF, (m) tenascin, (n) CD34, (o) Arp2, (p) Arp3, (q) cortactin, (r) fascin, (s) GRP78, (t) RP94, (u) GSK3β-ser9, (v) Pim-3, (w) MUC-1, (x) MUC-2, (y) MUC-4, (z) MUC-5AC, (a1) MUC-6, (b1) REG Iα (c1) REG Iβ, (d1) REGIII, (e1) HIP/PAP, (f1) REG IV, (g1) CD44, (h1) E-cadherin, (i1) β-catenin.
Figure 3
Figure 3
In situ hybridization on TMA of gastrointestinal carcinoma. REG IV mRNA positivity was observed in (a) gastric mucosa, (b) intestinal metaplasia and (c) carcinoma. There was EMMPRIN and parafibromin mRNA expression in (d and g) colorectal mucosa, (e and h) adenoma and (f and i) carcinoma, respectively. TMA, tissue microarray.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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