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. 2012 Sep;160(1):145-55.
doi: 10.1104/pp.112.200733. Epub 2012 Jul 16.

Canopy light and plant health

Carlos L Ballaré  1 , Carlos A Mazza, Amy T Austin, Ronald Pierik
Affiliations

Canopy light and plant health

Carlos L Ballaré et al. Plant Physiol. 2012 Sep.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Solar UV-B radiation increases plant resistance to herbivorous insects in the field. A, Fraction of published studies showing that UV-B radiation reduced (−), increased (+), or did not affect (0) herbivory levels or insect performance (adapted from Kuhlmann and Müller, 2011). B, Same as in A, but analysis restricted to studies that tested the effects of solar (ambient) UV-B radiation (i.e. excluding UV-B lamp supplementation studies). C, Quantitative relationship between solar UV-B attenuation and insect herbivory under field conditions. UV-B attenuation, which was accomplished with plastic films that reduced the UV-B component of solar radiation with minimal effects on other wavelengths, increased the density of insect herbivores (Caliothrips phaseoli) in a soybean canopy and damage caused by leaf beetles on Datura ferox plants. Zero percent attenuation corresponds to full sunlight. Primary data can be found in Ballaré et al. (1996) and Mazza et al. (1999).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
UV-B radiation increases Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea; this effect is mediated by UVR8 via increases in sinapate accumulation. Original data can be found in Demkura and Ballaré (2012). A, Damage by B. cinerea in plants grown with exposure to UV-B radiation relative to damage in control plants grown under UV-B-free conditions for wild type (WT) ecotype Columbia (Col-0) plants and mutants deficient in UV-B perception (uvr8-6; Favory et al., 2009) and sinapate biosynthesis (fah1-7; Meyer et al., 1996). B, UV-B induces the accumulation of phenolic sunscreens (mostly flavonoids and sinapates) in a UVR8-dependent manner. Sunscreen accumulation is revealed here by a decrease in the intensity of UV-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Blue color indicates higher accumulation of phenolic compounds.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
FR supplementation treatments, designed to mimic the proximity of neighboring plants, or mutational inactivation of the PHYB gene increase the levels of insect herbivory and disease severity in a variety of herbaceous species. Concentric circles indicate the level of enhancement (fold increase) of plant susceptibility to attack, expressed as a ratio between the treatment (low R:FR or phyB) and control (high R:FR, PHYB) conditions. Plant susceptibility was estimated on the basis of bioassay results that measured the growth of the consumer organism or the severity of plant damage. Sources of primary data are as follows: a, j, and k, Izaguirre et al. (2006); b and e, Moreno et al. (2009); c and f, Cerrudo et al. (2012); d and g, De Wit (2012); h, Faigón-Soverna et al. (2006); i, McGuire and Agrawal (2005).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Exposure of Arabidopsis plants to low-R:FR treatments that mimic the proximity of neighboring plants depresses the levels of defense markers associated with JA signaling: a, MYC2; b, ERF1; c, ERF1; d, ORA59; e, HEL; f, ASA1; g, PDF1.2; h, HEL; i, HEL; j, PDF1.2; k, leaf phenolics; l, leaf phenolics; m, anthocyanins; n, gluconasturtiin. Concentric circles indicate the level of depression of the defense response caused by low R:FR, expressed as a ratio between the treatment (low R:FR or phyB) and control (high R:FR, PHYB) conditions. The elicitor used to activate the JA response is indicated by different colors. Also shown is the effect of low R:FR on the concentration of gluconasturtiin, a glucosinolate that is particularly abundant in watercress (Nasturtium officinale). MeJA, Methyl jasmonate. Sources of primary data are as follows: a to d, f, g, i, j, l, and m, Cerrudo et al. (2012); b, e, h, g, and k, Moreno et al. (2009); n, Engelen-Eigles et al. (2006).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Schematic representation of the positive effects of light signals of open space (high R:FR and UV-B) on plant health. UV-B affects plant resistance to insects and necrotrophic pathogens via mechanisms that involve interactions with JA signaling and JA-independent increases in the levels of certain phenolic compounds, the latter being mediated by UVR8. High R:FR values act through phyB increasing plant responses to JA and SA. Dashed lines indicate interactions that have not been explicitly demonstrated. For further explanation, see text.
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