The genus Cladosporium

Abstract

A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i.e., with a convex central dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Recognised species are treated and illustrated with line drawings and photomicrographs (light as well as scanning electron microscopy). Species known from culture are described in vivo as well as in vitro on standardised media and under controlled conditions. Details on host range/substrates and the geographic distribution are given based on published accounts, and a re-examination of numerous herbarium specimens. Various keys are provided to support the identification of Cladosporium species in vivo and in vitro. Morphological datasets are supplemented by DNA barcodes (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) diagnostic for individual species. In total 993 names assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., including Heterosporium (854 in Cladosporium and 139 in Heterosporium), are treated, of which 169 are recognized in Cladosporium s. str. The other taxa are doubtful, insufficiently known or have been excluded from Cladosporium in its current circumscription and re-allocated to other genera by the authors of this monograph or previous authors.

Taxonomic novelties: Cladosporium allicinum (Fr.: Fr.) Bensch, U. Braun & Crous, comb. nov., C. astroideum var. catalinense U. Braun, var. nov., Fusicladium tectonicola (Yong H. He & Z.Y. Zhang) U. Braun & Bensch, comb. nov., Septoidium uleanum (Henn.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium adeniae (Hansf.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium dianellae (Sawada & Katsuki) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium lythri (Westend.) U. Braun & H.D. Shin, comb. nov., Zasmidium wikstroemiae (Petch) U. Braun, comb. nov.

Keywords: Davidiella anamorphs; biodiversity; cladosporioid hyphomycetes; generic concept; keys; phylogeny; species concept; status quo; taxonomy.

Fig. 1

(Part 1). Cladosporium-like genera. A. Devriesia americana (CBS 117726; Crous et al. 2007c). B. Fusicladium proteae (CBS 130599; Crous et al. 2011a). C. Stenella araguata (IMI 34905; Crous et al. 2007c). D. Zasmidium cellare (CBS 146.36; Arzanlou et al. 2007). E. Rachicladosporium luculiae (CBS 121620; Crous et al. 2007c). F. Sorocybe resinae (DAOM 11381; Seifert et al. 2007). Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 1

(Part 2). Cladosporium-like genera. A. Ochrocladosporium elatum (CBS 146.33; Crous et al. 2007c). B. Hortea thailandica (CBS 125423; Crous et al. 2009b). C. Penidiella columbiana (CBS 486.80; Crous et al. 2007b). D. Ramularia cynarae (CBS 128912; Koike et al. 2011). E. Rhizocladosporium argillaceum (CBS 241.67; Crous et al. 2007c). Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 1

(Part 3). Cladosporium-like genera. A. Toxicocladosporium irritans (CBS 185.58; Crous et al. 2007c). B. Verrucocladosporium dirinae (CBS 112794; Crous et al. 2007c). C. Hyalodendriella betulae (CBS 261.82; Crous et al. 2007c). D. Hormodendrum resinae (DAOM 41888; Seifert et al. 2007). E. Passalora californica (CBS 128857; Koike et al. 2011). F. Metulocladosporiella musae (CBS 121396; Crous et al. 2006). G. Amorphotheca resinae (DAOM 170427; Seifert et al. 2007). Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 1

(Part 4). Cladosporium-like genera. A. Periconioid morph of Graphiopsis chlorocephalum (HAL 1924 F). B. Cladosporioid morph of Graphiopsis chlorocephalum (HAL 2011 F). C. Parapericoniella asterinae (IMI 11851b). D. Cladophialophora potulentorum (CBS 115144). E. Penidiella columbiana (CBS 486.80). F. Digitopodium hemileiae (BPI 426854). Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 2.

The first of 528 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the LSU sequence alignment using PAUP v. 4.0b10. The scale bar shows 20 changes, and bootstrap support values from 1 000 replicates are shown at the nodes. Thickened lines indicate the strict consensus branches and orders are indicated to the right of the tree. Generic names in green belong to Cladosporium s.str., those in red were in the past considered to be species of Cladosporium but were subsequently renamed and those genera in blue are morphologically similar to Cladosporium and can be confused with it. The tree was rooted to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Z73326).

Fig. 2.

(Continued).

Fig. 3.

Overview showing the different types of cladosporioid conidia. Cladosporium conidiophore with ramoconidia, secondary ramoconidia, intercalary conidia, and small, terminal conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 4.

Terms used to describe conidium wall ornamentation under the cryo-electron microscope. Adapted from David (1997).

Fig. 17.

Cladosporium allicinum (CPC 12211). A-B. Macronematous conidiophores. C. Conidial chains. D. Micronematous conidiophore. E. Ascomata of the teleomorphic state formed on the host. F-G. Asci. Scale bars = 10 (A-B, D, F), 200 (E) μm.

Fig. 23.

Cladosporium alopecuri (NY). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 18.

Cladosporium allii (NY). Fascicle of conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 24.

Cladosporium angustisporum (CBS 125983). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium often forming ropes, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 34.

Cladosporium apicale (K 121544). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 45.

Cladosporium astroideum var. astroideum (HAL). Mycelium, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 5.

The first of 12 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the combined ITS, EF-1α and ACT sequence alignment. The scale bar shows 20 changes, and bootstrap support values from 1 000 replicates are shown at the nodes. Thickened lines indicate branches present in the strict consensus tree and the major species complexes are indicated in coloured blocks. The tree was rooted to sequences of Cercospora beticola strain CBS 116456 (GenBank accession numbers AY840527, AY840494, AY840458, respectively).

Fig. 6.

Cladosporium acalyphae (CBS 125982). Macronematous conidiophores, mycelium, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 7.

Cladosporium acalyphae (CBS 125982). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 8.

Cladosporium acalyphae (CBS 125982). A. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia on a conidiophore. Note the smooth surface of the conidiophores. B-C. Secondary ramoconidia on smooth conidiophores and patterns of scars. D. Details of scars on a secondary ramoconidium. E. Secondary ramoconidia and scars. F. Conidia as seen with cryoSEM showing a reticulate surface ornamentation. G. SEM micrograph of “meristematic development” on the agar surface and two conidiophores formed. Scale bars = 2 (D-E), 5 (B-C, F), 10 (A, G) μm.

Fig. 9.

Cladosporium aecidiicola (B 700006144). Conidiophores arranged in fascicles and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 10.

Cladosporium aecidiicola (B 700006207). Conidiophores arranged in loose or dense fascicles and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 11.

Cladosporium aecidiicola (B 700006144). A. Loosely fasciculate conidiophores. B. Conidia. C. Conidium as seen with SEM showing the verruculose surface ornamentation. D. Details of scars on conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 5 (C-D), 10 (A-B) μm.

Fig. 248.

Cladosporium pipericola (IMI 116933). A. Symptoms. B, C. Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-C) μm.

Fig. 12.

Cladosporium agoseridis (HAL 1556 F). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 13.

Cladosporium agoseridis (HAL 1556 F). A. Symptoms. B. Fascicle of conidiophores. C. Tip of a conidiophore with attached conidium. D. Conidium. E. Conidium showing surface ornamentation. F. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidia. G. Small fascicle of conidiophores. Scale bars = 10 (C-F), 20 (B, G) μm.

Fig. 14.

Cladosporium allicinum (CPC 12211). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 15.

Cladosporium allicinum (CPC 12211). A. Conidiophore with characteristic long secondary ramoconidium and complex conidiophore. B. Detail of hila on secondary ramoconidia. C. Details of prominent ornamentation on conidia. Scale bars = 2 (B), 5 (C), 10 (A) μm.

Fig. 16.

Cladosporium allicinum (F-09810, UPS-FRIES, holotype). Ascus and ascospores of the teleomorphic state. Scale bar = 10 μm. P.W. Crous del.

Fig. 19.

Cladosporium allii (CBS 101.81). A-H. Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 20.

Cladosporium allii-cepae (BPI 1108762). Fascicle of conidiophores, conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 35.

Cladosporium apicale (K 121544). A. Symptoms. B. Overview, fascicle of conidiophores. C. Conidiophore with numerous conidiogenous loci and small subglobose conidia. D. Conidiophore with numerous protuberant conidiogenous loci. E. Conidiophore showing cell structure, with thickened, two-layered walls and protoplasm aggregated at the septa. F. Conidia showing coronate scar structure. G, H. Conidia showing cell structure, with paler cavity in the centre. Scale bars = 5 (D, F), 10 (C, E, G-H), 50 (B) μm.

Fig. 255.

Cladosporium pseudiridis (CBS 116463). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 323.

Cladosporium ushuwaiense (LPS 13.144). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 21.

Cladosporium alneum (B 700006156). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 22.

Cladosporium alneum (B 700006156). A. Symptoms. B. Overview, small, loose group of conidiophores. C. Tip of a conidiophore with several somewhat darkened conidiogenous loci. Scale bars = 10 (C), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 25.

Cladosporium angustisporum (CBS 125983). A-H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 26.

Cladosporium annonae (SIENA). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 27.

Cladosporium annonae (SIENA). A. Symptoms. B. Tip of a conidiophore with several somewhat darkened conidiogenous loci. C. Conidiophore and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-C) μm.

Fig. 28.

Cladosporium antarcticum (CBS 690.92). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 29.

Cladosporium antarcticum (CBS 690.92). A. Overview of the growth pattern on SNA. Note the very large bulbous cells formed at the base of different conidiophores. Other conidiophores sprout from the agar surface. B. Overview of conidiophores and conidia. Note the large distance of the scars on the conidiophore and the different stages of conidial formation on the tips of other conidia. The long secondary ramoconidia are also visible, and sparse aerial hyphae. C. Detail of B with details of the ornamentation and scars. The absence of ornamentation at the apical (spore-forming) end of the secondary ramoconidium is clearly visible. D-E. Tubular structures on conidiophore (D) and secondary ramoconidium (E). Scale bars = 2 (E), 5 (C-D), 10 (A-B) μm.

Fig. 30.

Cladosporium antarcticum (CBS 690.92). A-B. Macronematous conidiophores. C, G. Mycelium enveloped by a polysaccharide-like layer. D, F. Conidia. E. Micronematous conidiophore. H. Ramoconidium with numerous distal scars. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 31.

Cladosporium aphidis (B 700006165). Mycelium, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 32.

Cladosporium aphidis (CBS H-20938). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 33.

Cladosporium aphidis (CBS 132182). A-I. Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 36.

Cladosporium arthrinioides (M-0057465). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 37.

Cladosporium arthrinioides (M-0057465). A. Apex of a conidiophore. B. Conidium showing the coronate scar structure. C. Superficial mycelium. D, E. Conidia. Scale bars = 2 (B), 10 (A, C-E) μm.

Fig. 38.

Cladosporium arthropodii (HAL 1828 F). Fascicles of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 39.

Cladosporium arthropodii (HAL 1828 F). A. Symptoms. B. Fascicle of conidiophores. C. Conidiophores. D. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidium. E. Geniculate conidiophore. F. Conidium showing surface ornamentation. G. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidium. Scale bars = 5 (D), 10 (C, E-G), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 40.

Cladosporium arthropodii (CPC 16160). A-J. Conidiophores and still attached conidia in vitro. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 41.

Cladosporium asperistipitatum (F 1167622). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 42.

Cladosporium asperulatum (CBS 126340). Macronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 43.

Cladosporium asperulatum (CBS 126340). A-D. Conidiophores and conidia. E-G. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia formed in branched chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 44.

Cladosporium asperulatum (CBS 126340). A-B. Conidiophores and very young conidia (A). C-D. Conidia and details of scars on a secondary ramoconidium. E. Conidia with sparse ornamentation. Note the round conidium-initial. F. Whorl of secondary ramoconidia formed at the tip of a conidiophore. G. Details of ornamentation showing loosely irregularly reticulate structures. H. Secondary ramoconidia. I. Overview of a conidiophore with scars on the tip of the conidiophore. J. Swollen cells at agar surface giving rise to conidiophores. Note the scar on the root structure. Scale bars = 1 (D), 2 (G), 5 (A, C, E-F, H-J), 10 (B) μm.

Fig. 46.

Cladosporium astroideum var. catalinense (F 1320003). Mycelium, conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 47.

Cladosporium auriculae [K(M) 146492]. Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 48.

Cladosporium australiense (CBS 125984). Conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains, mycelium sometimes forming ropes in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 49.

Cladosporium australiense (CBS 125984). A-B. Conidiophores and conidial chains. C. Conidiophore with a septate secondary ramoconidium still attached. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 50.

Cladosporium basiinflatum (CBS 822.84). Mycelium, stromatic hyphal aggregations, conidiophores often with foot-like swollen base and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 51.

Cladosporium basiinflatum (CBS 822.84). A-D. Young conidiophores arising laterally from hyphae with conidial chains still attached. E-G. Older conidiophores formed in pairs arising from distinctly swollen hyphal cells or stromatic hyphal aggregations and numerous conidia. H. A single ramoconidium and numerous conidia. I. A conidial chain composed of intercalary and small terminal conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 52.

Cladosporium borassi (IMI 109416c). Internal mycelium, fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 53.

Cladosporium borassi (IMI 109416c). A. Symptoms. B. Fascicle of conidiophores. C. Nodulose conidiophores. Scale bars = 10 (C), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 54.

Cladosporium bosciae (PAD). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 55.

Cladosporium bosciae (PAD). A. Conidiophores. B. Chain of conidia. C. Conidia. D, E. Conidia showing cell structure, with paler cavity in the centre of the cells. Scale bars = 10 (B-E) μm.

Fig. 56.

Cladosporium brassicae (NY). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 259.

Cladosporium psoraleae (IMI 163005). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 57.

Cladosporium buteicola [K(M) 121548]. Mycelium, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 260.

Cladosporium psoraleae (IMI 163005). A. Symptoms. B, C. Conidiophores. D. Conidium. Scale bars = 10 (B-D) μm.

Fig. 58.

Cladosporium caraganae (HAL 2008 F). Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 59.

Cladosporium caraganae (HAL 2008 F). A. Superficial hyphal ropes giving rise to conidiophores. B. Details of scar structure on a secondary ramoconidium and conidia. C. Tip of a conidiophore with smooth, catenate conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-C), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 60.

Cladosporium cassiae-surathensis. Original drawing from Yen (1981). A-D. Conidiophores. E-H. Conidia. I-J. Germinating conidia. K. Uredospores parasitised by germ tubes of conidia.

Fig. 61.

Cladosporium cassiae-surathensis (HAL). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 62.

Cladosporium cassiae-surathensis (HAL). A. Symptoms on leaves of Chamaecrista sp. B. Fascicle of conidiophores. C. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidia. D. Fascicle of conidiophores, conidiophores with percurrent, enteroblastic proliferations. E. Conidiophore with terminal conidiogenous cell with numerous, small conidiogenous loci crowded near the apex. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 5 (C), 10 (D-F), 50 (B) μm.

Fig. 63.

Cladosporium chalastosporoides (CBS 125985). Conidiophores, conidia in long unbranched or dichotomously branched chains and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 64.

Cladosporium chalastosporoides (CBS 125985). A-B. Conidiophores and conidia. C-D. Conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 65.

Cladosporium chalastosporoides (CBS 125985). A-B. Examples of elongated conidia and chains. C. Branch formation on conidiophores. D. Branched conidiophore, ramoconidia and conidia. E. Elongated conidia. Note the broad areas of connection between the spores. F. Overview of a large cell mass that gives rise to conidiophores and spores. G. Detail of a cell mass showing meristematic growth. H. Differentiation of fungal cells into a cell mass. Scale bars = 5 (A-E), 10 (G-H), 50 (F) μm.

Fig. 66.

Cladosporium chamaeropis (MA 06416). Fascicles of conidiophores emerging through stomata or erumpent through the cuticle and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 67.

Cladosporium chamaeropis (MA 06416). A. Overview. B. Conidiophores. C. Fascicle of conidiophores, conidiophores with numerous, conspicuous, somewhat darkened conidiogenous loci. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-D), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 68.

Cladosporium cheonis (CUP 39400). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 69.

Cladosporium chrysophylli (IMI 17741). Symptoms, dimorphic conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 70.

Cladosporium chrysophylli (IMI 17741). A. Symptoms. B. Conidiophore and conidium showing coronate scar structure. C. Branched conidiophores. D. Fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata. E. Tip of a conidiophore with several somewhat darkened conidiogenous loci. F. Conidiophore, outer wall seemingly irregularly detaching. Scale bars = 5 (B), 10 (C, E-F), 20 (D) μm.

Fig. 71.

Cladosporium chubutense (HAL 2323 F). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 72.

Cladosporium chubutense (CBS 124457 = CPC 13979). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 73.

Cladosporium chubutense (CBS 124457 = CPC 13979). A-E. Macro- and microne-matous conidiophores with conidia. F-G. Conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 74.

Cladosporium cladosporioides (CBS 112388). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 75.

Cladosporium cladosporioides (CBS 112388). A-F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 76.

Cladosporium cladosporioides (CBS 112388, neotype). A. Overview of a colony containing running differentiated conidiophore-forming hyphae and many aerial hyphae. B. Scars on a conidiophore. C. Top view of a conidiophore with scars and an aerial structure. D. Branching patterns of aerial hyphae intermingled with spore-forming structures. E. Aerial hyphae, conidiophores and spores. F. Conidiophores sprouting from agar with all types of dispersion structures. G. Conidial chains. H. Detail of conidial chains and ornamentation showing irregularly reticulate structures or embossed stripes probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender young conidia. I. Three secondary ramoconidia. J. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia on agar with some irregularly reticulate ornamentation. Scale bars = 2 (B-C, H), 5 (F-G, I-J), 10 (D-E), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 82.

Cladosporium coryphae (S). Loosely fasciculate conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 109.

Cladosporium exasperatum (CBS 125986). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 219.

Cladosporium orchidiphilum (VPRI 2488). Fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 77.

Cladosporium colocasiae (BPI 426382). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 78.

Cladosporium colocasiae in vivo (BPI 426382; J-N) and in vitro (CBS 386.64 and 119542; A-I). A-D. Conidiophores and conidial chains. E-F. Intercalary conidiogenous cells with typical nodes and conidiogenous loci restricted to these swellings. G-H. Microcyclic conidiogenesis with conidia forming secondary conidiophores. I. Conidia. J. Nodose conidiophore showing coronate scar structure. K. Conidiophore with distinct swellings, clearly separated and distant from each other. L. Conidiophore with coronate scars confined to swellings. M. Conidiophore. N. Conidia. Scale bars = 5 (J), 10 (A-I, L-N), 20 (K) μm.

Fig. 216.

Cladosporium oncobae (HAL 1832 F). A. Symptoms. B, C. Tips of conidiophores with numerous, conspicuous, somewhat crowded conidiogenous loci and conidia. D. Conidiophore and conidia. E. Numerous conidia and base of a conidiophore with percurrent, enteroblastic proliferation and thickened, two-layered walls. F. Conidial chains. G. Conidial chain. Scale bars = 5 (D, G), 10 (B-C, E-F) μm.

Fig. 79.

Cladosporium colombiae (CBS 274.80 B). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 80.

Cladosporium colombiae (CBS 274.80 B). A-D. Conidiophores and conidia. E. Conidial chain. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 81.

Cladosporium corrugatum (VPRI 5924). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 101.

Cladosporium echinulatum (M-0057503, isotype of Heterosporium circinale). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 83.

Cladosporium cucumerinum (BPI 426422). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 84.

Cladosporium cucumerinum (CSB 171.52, epitype). A. Symptoms on fruits of Cucumis sativus (holotype NY). B-G. Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 85.

Cladosporium cycadis (BPI 426433). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 86.

Cladosporium delectum [K (F) 121550]. Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 87.

Cladosporium delicatulum. Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 88.

Cladosporium delicatulum [K (M) 121551]. Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 89.

Cladosporium delicatulum (K, lectotype of C. tuberum). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 90.

Cladosporium delicatulum (CBS H-20430, reference material). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 91.

Cladosporium delicatulum (CBS 126344). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 92.

Cladosporium delicatulum (CBS 126344). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 93.

Cladosporium diaphanum (M-0057507). Fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 94.

Cladosporium diaphanum (B 700006247). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 95.

Cladosporium diaphanum (M-0057507). A. Overview. B. Branched conidiophore and conidia. C. Conidium showing coronate scar structure. D. Branched conidiophores. E. Tips of conidiophores and conidia. F. Base of a fascicle emerging through stomata. G. Conidiophore showing cell structure, with thickened, two-layered walls and protoplasm aggregated at the septa. Scale bars = 5 (C), 10 (E, G), 20 (B, D, F), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 96.

Cladosporium dieffenbachiae (GENT). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 97.

Cladosporium dominicanum (CBS 119415) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-F. Habit of conidiophores. G. Conidiophore. H-I. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia. E-I. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A, D, F-H, from EXF-2519; B, C, E from EXF-727; I, EXF-732 (ex-type strain). Scale bars = 10 (G-I), 30 (F), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 98.

Cladosporium dracaenatum (B 700006248). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 99.

Cladosporium dracaenatum (M-0057504). Conidiophores, old, swollen conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 100.

Cladosporium dracaenatum (B 700006248 and M-0057504). A. Symptoms. B. Fascicle of conidiophores. C. Conidiophore and conidia. D. Small catenate conidia showing surface ornamentation. E. Old swollen conidia forming secondary conidiophores (microcyclic conidiogenesis). F, G. Conidiophores and old swollen conidia. Scale bars = 5 (D), 10 (C, E-G), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 102.

Cladosporium echinulatum (CBS 123191). A-G. Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 215.

Cladosporium oncobae (HAL 1832 F). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 103.

Cladosporium epichloës (LE-40522 and HAL 1822). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 104.

Cladosporium epimyces (NY, lectotype). A. Overview showing loosely arranged conidiophores and conidia in vivo. B. Diffuse stromata, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bars = 10 (B), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 105.

Cladosporium epimyces (NY). Conidiophores arising from stromata, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 106.

Cladosporium epimyces (PH). Branched conidiophores, ramoconidia, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 107.

Cladosporium episclerotiale (BPI 426531). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 108.

Cladosporium eriobotryae (B 700006326). Conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 110.

Cladosporium exasperatum (CBS 125986). A-C, E-H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. D. Ramoconidium seceding at the tip of a conidiophore. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 111.

Cladosporium exasperatum (CBS 125986). A. Ornamented conidia on aerial structures. Note the small scars with an ornamentation free zone. B. Secondary ramoconidium with a scar and aerial structures. C. Scars on a conidiophore. Note the smooth surface of the conidiophores. D. Ornamented secondary ramoconidium on a conidiophore with visible line of delineation. E. Septate aerial structure with conidiophores, conidia and scars as background. F. Two ornamented globose conidia adhered to an aerial structure showing an irregularly reticulate surface. G. Segmented differentiated hyphae on the agar surface giving rise to numerous conidiophores, conidiophore initials and aerial structures. H. Detail of differentiated substrate hyphae. I. Segmented differentiated hyphae in initials. Scale bars = 2 (A), 5 (B-F, H), 10 (G, I) μm.

Fig. 112.

Cladosporium exile (CBS 125987). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes forming ropes and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 113.

Cladosporium exile (CBS 125987). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 114.

Cladosporium exile (CBS 125987). A. Conidia and secondary ramoconidia with reticulate ornamentation, near long aerial hyphae or conidiophores. B. CryoSEM of different types of conidia on aerial structures. Note a remarkable pattern of blastoconidium formation (backwards) (arrow). C. Numerous hyphae and conidiophores in this overview of a colony of the fungus. D. Hyphae on the agar surface. E. Conidia and aerial structures. F. Detail of conidia and scars. Scale bars = 2 (F), 5 (A-B), 10 (E), 50 (C-D) μm.

Fig. 115.

Cladosporium exobasidii var. exobasidii (B 700006339). Conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 116.

Cladosporium exobasidii var. verruculosum (HBG). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 117.

Cladosporium ferox (BPI 802184). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 118.

Cladosporium flabelliforme (CBS 126345). Conidiophores and conidia in long often dichotomously branched chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 119.

Cladosporium flabelliforme (CBS 126345). A-H. Conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 120.

Cladosporium foliorum (BPI 426581). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 121.

Cladosporium foliorum (BPI 426581). A. Symptoms. B. Conidia. C. Conidiophores and conidia. D. Mycelium. Scale bars = 10 (B-D) μm.

Fig. 122.

Cladosporium fraxinicola (HAL 1829 F). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 123.

Cladosporium fraxinicola (HAL 1830 F, paratype). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 124.

Cladosporium fraxinicola (HAL 1831 F, paratype). Symptoms, conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 125.

Cladosporium fraxinicola (HAL 1829 F and paratype HAL 1831 F). A, B. Symptoms. C, D. Fascicle of conidiophores. E. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidium and several conidia. F, H. Conidiophores. G. Conidial chain with conidia just separating but still attached at the central domes. Scale bars = 10 (F-H), 20 (E), 50 (C-D) μm.

Fig. 126.

Cladosporium fumagineum (PAD). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 127.

Cladosporium fumagineum (PAD). A. Conidiophores, somewhat geniculate-sinuous towards the apex. B, C. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 128.

Cladosporium funiculosum (CBS 122129). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes formed in ropes and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 129.

Cladosporium funiculosum (CBS 122129). A-E, G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. F. Micronematous conidiophore with conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 130.

Cladosporium fusicladiiformis (MA 06413). Dimorphic conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 131.

Cladosporium fusicladiiformis (MA 06413). A. Symptoms. B. Overview, fascicle of conidiophores. C. Dimorphic conidiophores, second type. D. Tip of a conidiophore. E, G. Conidiophores showing cell structure, with thickened, two-layered walls and protoplasm aggregated at the septa. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (C-G), 50 (B) μm.

Fig. 132.

Cladosporium fusiforme (CBS 119414) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-G. Habit of conidiophores. H-I. Ramoconidia and conidia. E-I. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A-H, from EXF-449 (ex-type strain); I, from CBS 452.71. Scale bars = 10 (H-I), 30 (F-G), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 133.

Cladosporium galii (HAL 1811 F). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 134.

Cladosporium galii (HAL 1811 F). A. Conidiophores. B. Conidiogenesis. C. Conidium. Scale bars = 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 135.

Cladosporium gallicola (IMI 145204). Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 136.

Cladosporium gallicola (BPI, as “C. peridermiicola”). Dense fascicle of conidiophores arising from stromata, conidiophores arising from hyphae and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 137.

Cladosporium gallicola (BPI, as “C. peridermiicola”). A-D. Conidiophores with darkened-refractive conidiogenous loci. E. Dense fascicle of commonly branched conidiophores. F. Details of scar structure on a conidiophore and secondary ramoconidium. Scale bars = 5 (F), 10 (A-D), 50 (E) μm.

Fig. 247.

Cladosporium pipericola (IMI 116933). Symptoms, stromata (textura angularis), conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 138.

Cladosporium gamsianum (CBS 125989). Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 139.

Cladosporium gamsianum (CBS 125989). A-G. Conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 140.

Cladosporium gentianae (LE 40527). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 141.

Cladosporium gentianae (LE 40527). A. Overview, fascicle of conidiophores. B. Conidiophore. C. Conidiophore and conidia. D. Mycelium. Scale bars = 10 (B-D), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 142.

Cladosporium gerwasiae (KR-5684). Conidiophores in loose to dense fascicles arising from stromata and conidiophores arising from swollen hyphal cells, conidiogenous cells, ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 143.

Cladosporium gerwasiae (KR-5684). A. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidia. B. Conidiophores intermixed with uredospores of Gerwasia. C. Overview showing fasciculate conidiophores and conidia in vivo. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-B, D), 50 (C) μm.

Fig. 144.

Cladosporium gleditschiae (K 121559). Conidiophores arising from swollen hyphal cells, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 145.

Cladosporium gleditschiae (K 121559). A. Conidiophores arising from hyphal ropes. B. Detail of the scar on a conidium. Scale bars = 10 (A), 5 (B) μm.

Fig. 146.

Cladosporium globisporum (CBS 812.96). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 147.

Cladosporium globisporum (CBS 812.96). A-F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 148.

Cladosporium globisporum (CBS 812.96). A-B. Delicately ornamented conidia showing a somewhat irregularly reticulate surface or slightly embossed stripes probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender young conidia. C. Conidia, secondary ramoconidia and scars. D. Conidiophore with secondary ramoconidia. E. Globose ornamented small terminal conidia. F. Running hyphae on agar and conidia. Scale bars = 2 (B, E), 5 (A, C), 10 (D, F) μm.

Fig. 149.

Cladosporium grech-delicatae (PAD). Conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 150.

Cladosporium grech-delicatae (PAD). A. Overview. B. Tip of a conidiophore. C. Ramoconidium and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-C), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 151.

Cladosporium grevilleae (DAR 74881). Asci with ascospores. Ascospores showing sheath, and angular inclusions. Scale bar = 10 μm. P. Crous del.

Fig. 152.

Cladosporium grevilleae (DAR 74881). A-B. Asci. C. Ostiolar region (arrowed). D. Ascus with ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 153.

Cladosporium halotolerans (CBS 119416) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-H. Habit of conidiophores. I. Conidiophore. J. Succession of secondary ramoconidia. K. Conidia. E-K. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A-B, from EXF-572 (ex-type strain); C-D, from EXF-977; E, G, from EXF-972; F, from EXF-564; H, I, K, from EXF-1072; J, from dH 12862. Scale bars = 10 (I-K), 30 (H), 50 (F-G), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 154.

Cladosporium haplophylli (IMI 269572). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 155.

Cladosporium heleophilum (K). Fascicle of conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 156.

Cladosporium heliotropii (BPI 426853). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 157.

Cladosporium heliotropii (BPI 426851). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 158.

Cladosporium heliotropii (BPI 426853 and HBG). A, D. Conidiophores with still attached conidia. B. Conidiophore arising from superficially growing hyphae. C, E. Conidiophores and old swollen conidia. F. Small conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-F) μm.

Fig. 159.

Cladosporium herbaroides (CPC 12052). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 160.

Cladosporium herbaroides (CPC 12052). A-B, D. Macronematous conidiophores. C. Conidial chain. E. Micronematous conidiophore. F. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. G. Conidia formed by micronematous conidiophores. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 161.

Cladosporium herbaroides (CPC 12052). A. Overview of the growth characteristics of this fungus. Broad hyphae run over the surface of the agar, and possibly give rise to conidiophore branches. The conidiophores of this fungus can be rather long, resembling aerial hyphae. Clusters of conidia are clearly visible in this micrograph. B. The very wide surface hyphae can anastomose. C. Conidiophore with secondary ramoconidia and conidia. Note the variation in scar size. D. A very elaborate, complex conidiophore with different scars of variable size, one being more than 2 μm wide! E. Details of secondary ramoconidia and hila. Note the rather strong ornamentation in which smaller “particles” are between larger ones. F. Three conidia in a row. Note the scar formation in the chain and the reduction of the size of the cells throughout the spore-chain. The inset shows the resemblance of the scars on a conidiophore and on a secondary ramoconidium. Scale bars = 2 (F), 5 (D-E), 10 [B-C, F (inset)], 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 162.

Cladosporium herbarum (RO, holotype of the teleomorphic state Davidiella tassiana). Ascus and ascospores in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. P.W. Crous del.

Fig. 163.

Cladosporium herbarum (CPC 11600). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 164.

Cladosporium herbarum (CPC 11600), anamorphic and teleomorphic states (from the host and CPC 12181). A-B. Macronematous conidiophores. C. Micronematous conidiophore. D. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. E. Conidial chain. F. Ascomata on the leaf. G. Ascomata formed in culture on nettle stems. H-I. Asci on the host. J-K. Ascospores in culture. L. Asci in culture. Scale bars = 10 (A, E, H, J-L), 200 (F-G, I) μm.

Fig. 165.

Cladosporium herbarum (CPC 11600). A. Overview of hyphal growth and conidiophore formation of a colony on SNA. Conidiophores are often formed on very wide (approx. 10 μm), septate hyphae that often grow near the agar surface. B. A more detailed view on colony organisation reveals the ornamented conidia. Note the septum near the conidiophore (arrow). C. Detail of spore ornamentation and hila on a secondary ramoconidium (arrow). Ornamentation is visible during early stages of spore formation (arrow). D. Structure of the conidiophore, illustrating the complex morphology of the spore-forming apparatus. In addition, secondary ramoconidia, conidia, and a hilum on the conidium are visible. E. Complex structure of the spore-forming apparatus. F. Details of secondary ramoconidia with complex scar-pattern on the right cell. G. Details of a secondary ramoconidium giving rise to conidia. Note the lack of ornamentation at the location of spore formation. Scale bars = 5 (C-E, G), 10 (B, F), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 217.

Cladosporium orchidearum (NY 72454). Conidiophores emerging through stomata or erumpent through the cuticle and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 166.

Cladosporium heterophragmatis (IMI 90787). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 167.

Cladosporium heterophragmatis (IMI 90787). A. Symptoms. B. Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae. C. Branched conidiophore and conidia. D. Small conidiophores arising from plagiotropous hyphae. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-E) μm.

Fig. 168.

Cladosporium hillianum (CBS 125988). Mycelium, hyphal conglomeration, conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 169.

Cladosporium hillianum (CBS 125988). A-G. Conidiophores and conidia. H. Hyphal conglomeration. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 170.

Cladosporium hypophyllum (M-0057614). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 171.

Cladosporium hypophyllum (M-0057614). A. Conidiophores, conidia and external mycelium. B. Geniculate conidiophore. C. Old, distinctly swollen conidia showing cell structure, with paler cavity in the centre. D, E. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-E) μm.

Fig. 172.

Cladosporium inconspicuum (B 700006557). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 173.

Cladosporium inconspicuum (B 700006557). A. Tip of a conidiophore showing the coronate scar structure. B, C. Conidiophores. Scale bars = 5 (A), 10 (B-C) μm.

Fig. 174.

Cladosporium inopinum (GZU). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 175.

Cladosporium inversicolor (CBS 401.80). Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro with intercalary conidia and small terminal conidia sometimes verruculose or irregularly rough-walled, rugose. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 176.

Cladosporium inversicolor (CBS 401.80). A-G. Conidiophores and conidial chains with intercalary conidia and small terminal conidia somewhat darker than ramoconidia and secondary ramoconidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 177.

Cladosporium iranicum (CBS 126346). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro with intercalary conidia sometimes subrostrate. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 178.

Cladosporium iranicum (CBS 126346). A-D, F-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. E. Conidia and conidiophore showing the often guttulate cell structure. H-I. Subrostrate intercalary conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 179.

Cladosporium iridis (CBS 138.40). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 180.

Cladosporium iridis (CBS 138.40). A-C. Conidiophores with conidia. D. Conidium. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 181.

Cladosporium jacarandicola (HAL 1812 F). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 182.

Cladosporium jacarandicola (HAL 1812 F). A, C. Fascicles of conidiophores emerging through stomata. B. Unbranched and branched conidiophores. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-D) μm.

Fig. 183.

Cladosporium lacroixii (IMI 118411). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 253.

Cladosporium praecox (M-0057733). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 184.

Cladosporium langeronii (CBS 189.54) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-F. Habit of conidiophores. G-I. Ramoconidia and conidia. E-I. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A-D, from CBS 189.54 (ex-type strain); E, from CBS 109868; F-I, from EXF-999. Scale bars = 10 (G-I), 30 (F), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 185.

Cladosporium leguminicola (MA 06450-52). Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 186.

Cladosporium licheniphilum (LE). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 187.

Cladosporium licheniphilum in vivo (LE) and in vitro (CBS 125990). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. H. Conidiophores in vivo. I. Apically branched tips of conidiophores. J-K. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-G, I-K), 20 (H) μm.

Fig. 188.

Cladosporium lineolatum (PAD). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 189.

Cladosporium lineolatum (PAD). A. Overview. B. Small fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata. C. Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-D), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 190.

Cladosporium liriodendri (NY). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 191.

Cladosporium liriodendri (NY). A. Conidiophore with coronate scars. B. Overview. C. Conidium showing coronate scar structure. D. Tips of conidiophores with several conspicuous, somewhat darkened conidiogenous loci. E. Conidia. Scale bars = 5 (A, C), 10 (D-E), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 192.

Cladosporium lupiniphilum (LEP). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 193.

Cladosporium lycoperdinum (K 121561). Conidiophores in loose fascicles arising from stromata and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 194.

Cladosporium lycoperdinum (from B 700006387 and a collection from PH). Conidiophores arising from swollen hyphal cells, ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 195.

Cladosporium lycoperdinum (CBS 574.78c). A-D. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 196.

Cladosporium macrocarpum (CBS 299.67). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 197.

Cladosporium macrocarpum (CBS 299.67), anamorphic and teleomorphic state (CPC 12755). A-C. Macronematous conidiophores and conidia. D-G. Micronematous conidiophores. H. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. I. Ascomata formed on nettle stems in culture. J. Periphyses. K, M-N. Asci. L. Ostiole. Scale bars = 10 (A, D-H, J-N), 200 (I) μm.

Fig. 198.

Cladosporium macrocarpum (CBS 299.67). A. Survey of a conidiophore that forms several secondary ramoconidia and conidia. Several aerial hyphae are also visible in this picture. B. Conidiophore with broadly ellipsoid secondary ramoconidia and obovoid conidia. Note the different scars on the conidiophore at the lower left. C. Ellipsoid or obovoid conidia with notable areas of scar formation. The ornamentation is relatively widely distributed over the body of the cell and similar to C. variabile. D. Detail of a conidiophore (see B) with scars. Note the relatively shallow rings of the scars. E. Details of conidia and a secondary ramoconidium. F. Conidiophore with a secondary ramoconidium and conidia. Note the hila on several spores and the lack of ornamentation at the site where spores are formed. Scale bars = 2 (E), 5 (D, F), 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 199.

Cladosporium macrocarpum (CPC 12755, neotype). Ascus and ascospores. Scale bar = 10 μm. P.W. Crous del.

Fig. 311.

Cladosporium tenellum (CPC 12053). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 200.

Cladosporium maracuja (IACM). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 201.

Cladosporium maracuja (IACM). A. Conidiophores and conidia. B. Tip of a conidiophore. C. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 202.

Cladosporium melospermae (LPS 14053). Fascicle of conidiophores arising from stromata and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 203.

Cladosporium mimulicola (NY). Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 204.

Cladosporium minusculum (PAD). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 205.

Cladosporium minusculum (PAD). A. Fascicles of conidiophores. B. Frequently geniculate-sinuous conidiophores and conidia. C. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 206.

Cladosporium myrtacearum (BRIP 26527). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 207.

Cladosporium myrtacearum in vivo (BRIP 26527) and in vitro (CBS 126350). A. Fascicle of conidiophores. B-C. Tips of conidiophores and conidia. D-K. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 208.

Cladosporium neriicola (IMI 123901). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 209.

Cladosporium neriicola (IMI 123901). A. Symptoms. B. Geniculate conidiophore showing coronate scar structure. C. Conidiophores. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 5 (B), 10 (C-D) μm.

Fig. 210.

Cladosporium nigrelloides (PS 66.684, PC). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 211.

Cladosporium nigrellum (NY). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 212.

Cladosporium oblongum (BPI 427289). Stromata, fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 213.

Cladosporium obtectum (HBG). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 214.

Cladosporium obtectum (HBG). A. External pluriseptate mycelium. B. Conidiophores. C. Conidium. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 218.

Cladosporium orchidearum (NY 72454). A. Symptoms. B, C. Conidiophores and conidia with conspicuous, darkened-refractive conidiogenous loci. Scale bars = 10 (B-C) μm.

Fig. 257.

Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides (CBS 125993). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 220.

Cladosporium orchidiphilum (VPRI 2488). A. Fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata. B, C. Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-C), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 221.

Cladosporium oreodaphnes (M-0057756). Symptoms, fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 222.

Cladosporium oreodaphnes (M-0057756). A. Symptoms. B. Overview. C. Conidiophores with numerous, conspicuous, somewhat crowded conidiogenous loci. D. Branched conidiophore with several conidiogenous loci. E. Conidia showing cell structure, with paler cavity in the centre of the cells. F. Conidiophore with several coronate scars. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 5 (F-G), 10 (C-E), 50 (B) μm.

Fig. 223.

Cladosporium ornithogali (M). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 256.

Cladosporium pseudiridis (CBS 116463). A-C. Conidiophores and conidia. D. Part of a conidiogenous cell showing a protuberant cladosporioid conidiogenous locus. E-F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 224.

Cladosporium ossifragi (M). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 225.

Cladosporium ossifragi (CBS 842.91). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 226.

Cladosporium ossifragi (CBS 842.91). A. Macronematous conidiophore. B. Micronematous conidiophore. C-D. Conidia. E. Conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 227.

Cladosporium ossifragi (CBS 842.91). A. Survey on different secondary ramoconidia and conidia. B. Details of conidia and hila. Note the very pronounced ornamentation and the absence of ornamentation near the site of spore formation. C. Detail of the end of a secondary ramoconidium with pronounced hila. D. Formation of a new conidium. Note the broad scar behind it (> 1 μm). E. Formation of a new conidium from a smooth-walled stalk. F. Hila on a secondary ramoconidium. This micrograph is from the sample before coating with gold-palladium and shows similar features as the sample after sputter coating. Scale bars = 2 (B-D, F), 5 (E), 10 (A) μm.

Fig. 228.

Cladosporium oxysporum (CBS 125991). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis with conidia forming secondary conidiophores in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 229.

Cladosporium oxysporum (CBS 125991). A-B. Tips of macronematous conidiophores, in A typically nodulose, and conidial chains. C-H. Intercalary conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 230.

Cladosporium pannosum (K 121564). Conidiophores, solitary or in loose groups arising from swollen hyphal cells or stromata, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 231.

Cladosporium paracladosporioides (CBS 171.54). Dimorphic mycelium, macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 232.

Cladosporium paracladosporioides (CBS 171.54). A-C, E-F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. D, H. Conidial chains, septa of secondary ramoconidia distinctly darkened. G. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 233.

Cladosporium perangustum (CBS 125996). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium often formed in dense ropes, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 234.

Cladosporium perangustum (CBS 125996). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 235.

Cladosporium perangustum (CBS 125996). A. Conidia with very gentle surface ornamentation showing irregularly reticulate structures. B. A coherent view on conidiophores, stipes, aerial hyphae and conidia. C. Secondary ramoconidia, conidia and scars. The conidia at the upper right show some cell wall structures. D. Conidiophore with secondary ramoconidia, intercalary and small terminal conidia. Note the disruptions of the cell walls between the conidia. E. Scars on very elongated secondary ramoconidia. F. Scar-pattern at the end of the conidiophores. Note the flattened separation domes. G. Ropes of aerial hyphae. H. Running segmented hyphae that may form conidiophores and not segmented aerial hyphae. Note the blastoconidium on one hypha. Scale bars = 2 (A, C, E-F), 5 (D, G), 10 (B, H) μm.

Fig. 236.

Cladosporium phaeocomae (CBS 128769). A. Colony on MEA. B-H. A series of micro- and macronematous conidiophores showing conidia in chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 237.

Cladosporium phlei (IMI 167692). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 238.

Cladosporium phlei (CBS 358.69). A-F, H. Conidiophores being slightly to distinctly geniculate with solitary conidia or conidia arranged in short chains. G. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 254.

Cladosporium praecox (M-0057733). A. Fascicle of conidiophores. B. Conidiophores. C. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 239.

Cladosporium phyllactiniicola (CBS 126352). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 240.

Cladosporium phyllactiniicola (CBS 126352). A-H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 241.

Cladosporium phyllophilum (VPRI 2490). Erect conidiophores arising from stromata, conidiogenous cells, ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 242.

Cladosporium phyllophilum (B 700006334 and B 700006335, lectoparatypes of C. exoasci Lindau). Erect conidiophores arising from stromata, creeping conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, ramoconidia and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 243.

Cladosporium phyllophilum (CBS 125992). A-H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. I-K. SEM photos showing the smooth or somewhat shrivelling surface ornamentation of conidia and details of the coronate scar structure. Scale bars = 5 (I-K), 10 (A-H) μm.

Fig. 244.

Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (BAFC 51696). Fascicle of conidiophores arising from extended stromata and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. A. Greslebin del.

Fig. 245.

Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (CBS 124456 = CPC 13980). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 246.

Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (CBS 124456 = CPC 13980). A-D. Conidiophores with conidial chains. E-G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 249.

Cladosporium pisicola (DAOM). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 250.

Cladosporium polygonati (IMI 116694). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 251.

Cladosporium populicola (HAL 1833 F). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 252.

Cladosporium populicola (HAL 1833 F). A. Symptoms. B. Overview. C, E. Conidiophores with percurrent, enteroblastic proliferations and thickened, distinctly two-layered walls. D. Conidiophore and conidia with coronate scars. F. Conidia showing surface ornamentation. G. Tip of a conidiophore with young conidium. H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (C-H), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 258.

Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides (CBS 125993). A-F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 261.

Cladosporium psychrotolerans (CBS 119412) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-F. Conidiophores. G. Apical part of a conidiophore. H-I. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia. E-I. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. All but C, from EXF-391 (ex-type strain); C, from EXF-714. Scale bars = 10 (G-I), 50 (F), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 262.

Cladosporium ramotenellum (CPC 12043). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 263.

Cladosporium ramotenellum (CPC 12043). A, C. Macronematous conidiophore. B. Conidial chain. D. Micronematous conidiophore. E. Ramoconidia and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 264.

Cladosporium ramotenellum (CPC 12043). A. Survey of colony development showing a large bulbous “foot cell” that gives rise to conidiophores, which can be branched. B. Details of conidiophores showing secondary ramoconidia and conidia. The inset shows scar formation on a conidiophore. C. Conidiophore and several conidia. D. Details of ornamentation on conidia. Note the wide, but relatively low ornamentation units. E. A micrograph illustrating the organisation within a conidiophore. Scale bars = 5 (A-D), 10 (E) μm.

Fig. 265.

Cladosporium rectangulare (BPI 427292). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 266.

Cladosporium rectangulare (BPI 427292). A. Right-angled branched conidiophore. B, C. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (A-C) μm.

Fig. 267.

Cladosporium rectoides (CBS 125994). Conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 268.

Cladosporium rectoides (CBS 125994). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains; small terminal conidia sometimes with surface ornamentation indicated by the arrows in B. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 269.

Cladosporium rhododendri (HAL 1834 F). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 270.

Cladosporium rhododendri (HAL 1834 F). A. Fascicle of conidiophores. B. Conidial chains. C. Tip of a conidiophore with still attached conidium. D. Conidial chain, conidia just separating but still attached at the central domes. E, F. Fascicles of conidiophores emerging through stomata and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-F), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 271.

Cladosporium rivinae (LPS 13.137). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 272.

Cladosporium rivinae (LPS 13.137). A. Symptoms. B. Bulbous, distinctly swollen bases of conidiophores. C. Tip of a conidiophore with several darkened-refractive conidiogenous loci. D. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-D) μm.

Fig. 273.

Cladosporium robiniae (BPI 802193). Conidiophores and dimorphic conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 274.

Cladosporium rutae (BAK). Conidiophores loosely fasciculate, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 275.

Cladosporium salinae (CBS 119413). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-F. Habit of conidiophores. G. Conidiophore. H. Detail of apical part of conidiophore. I. Conidia. J. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia. E-J. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A-D, from EXF-604; E-J, from EXF-335 (ex-type strain). Scale bars = 10 (H-J), 30 (G), 50 (F), 100 (E).

Fig. 276.

Cladosporium sarmentorum (W). Fascicle of conidiophores arising from stromata, frequently branched upper portions of conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 277.

Cladosporium scabrellum (CBS 126358). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 278.

Cladosporium scabrellum (CBS 126358). A-D (after 3 d). Macronematous conidiophores arising solitary or in small loose groups from hyphae or swollen hyphal cells and short conidial chains. E-H (after 7 d). Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 279.

Cladosporium scabrellum (CBS 126358). A. Globose conidia with nearly smooth surface. B. Overview of conidial chains. C. Elongated conidiophores. D. Secondary ramoconidium with large scars. E. Whorls of secondary ramoconidia and conidia. Note the presence of four scars on the top ramoconidium and the reticulate ornamentation of one of the conidia. F. Secondary ramoconidia of which one elongated. G. Conidiophore with secondary ramoconidia and large scar. Scale bars = 2 (A), 5 (D-G), 10 (B), 50(C) μm.

Fig. 280.

Cladosporium silenes (CBS H-19874). A. Ascomata on host tissue (arrows). B. Asci. C. Ascospores (arrow denotes mucoid appendage); D-F. Conidiophores with conidial chains. A-C from Bensch et al. 2010. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 281.

Cladosporium sinuosum (CPC 11839). Conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 282.

Cladosporium sinuosum (CPC 11839). A-D. Conidiophores. E-F. Conidia. G-H. SEM photos showing details of the conidial surface ornamentation. Scale bars = 5 (H), 10 (A-G) μm.

Fig. 283.

Cladosporium smilacicola (M-0057718). Symptoms, fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 284.

Cladosporium smilacicola (M-0057718). A. Symptoms. B. Overview. C. Fascicle of conidiophores. D. Tip of a conidiophore with attached conidium, with several conidiogenous loci and hila. E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia showing surface ornamentation. G. Conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars = 10 (C-G), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 285.

Cladosporium soldanellae (BPI 427476, holotype of C. stysanoides). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 286.

Cladosporium soldanellae in vivo (BPI 427476, holotype of C. stysanoides) and in vitro (CPC 13153 = CBS 132186, ex-neotype culture of C. soldanellae). A. Overview, fascicle of conidiophores B. Stromata and mycelium. C. Conidiophores. D. Conidium. E-K. Conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bars = 10 (B-K), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 287.

Cladosporium sphaerospermum (CBS 19454) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-F. Habit of conidiophores. G-I. Ramoconidia and conidia. E-I. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A, C-D, F-H, from CBS 193.54 (ex-neotype strain); B, from EXF-738; E, EXF-455; I, EXF-458. Scale bars = 10 (G-I), 50 (F), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 288.

Cladosporium sphaerospermum (NRRL 8131) (from Dugan et al. 2008). A-H. Conidiophores at various stages of development, showing their characteristic branching patterns, ramoconidia, secondary ramoconidia, intercalary conidia, and small, terminal conidia (all on SNA). I. Conidiophore with alternarioid secondary ramoconium (arrow), formed on MEA. J, K. Secondary ramoconidia and intercalary conidia (note older intercalary conidia, which become dark brown and globose). Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 289.

Cladosporium sphaerospermum (NRRL 8131) (from Dugan et al. 2008). Scanning electron micrographs of Cladosporium sphaerospermum NRRL 8131. A, B. Branching chains of conidia, showing conidiogenous loci with disjunctors (arrows). C. Apex of conidiophore with conidiogenous scar in profile (arrow). D. Two conidiogenous loci at apex of a secondary ramoconidium, the upper (arrow) clearly coronate. E. Two conidiogenous loci at apex of a conidiophore, the one facing the viewer is clearly coronate (arrow). F. Two conidiogenous loci (arrows) at apex of a secondary ramoconidium are coronate. Scale bars = 1 (D), 1.25 (F), 2.5 (A-C), 5 (E) μm.

Fig. 290.

Cladosporium spinulosum (CPC 12040) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E. Habit of conidiophores. F-J. Conidiophores. K-L. Conidia (also visible in I-J). E-L. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A-L, from EXF-334 (ex-type strain). Scale bars = 10 (G-L), 30 (F), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 291.

Cladosporium spinulosum (CPC 12040). A. Overview on agar surface with conidiophores arising from the surface. The spore clusters on the conidiophore are very compact. Note several simple, tubular conidiophore ends. The inset shows details of a conidium showing two pronounced hila and a unique, very distinct ornamentation on the cell wall. B. Conidiophore with globose or subsphaerical secondary ramoconidia and conidia. Note the newly forming cells and hila. C. Two conidiophores. D. Details of spores and spore formation. E. The end of a conidiophore and two scars. Scale bars = 1 (A inset), 5 (B, D-E), 10 (C), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 292.

Cladosporium spongiosum (K 121570). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 293.

Cladosporium spongiosum (K 121570). A. Conidia. B. Conidia with distinctly thickened and darkened septa. Scale bars = 10 (B), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 294.

Cladosporium stanhopeae (M-0057717). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 295.

Cladosporium stanhopeae (M-0057717). A. Symptoms. B. Overview. C. Conidiophore and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (C), 50 (B) μm.

Fig. 296.

Cladosporium subinflatum (CPC 12041). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 297.

Cladosporium subinflatum (CPC 12041). A-C. Macronematous conidiophores. D-E. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 298.

Cladosporium subinflatum (CPC 12041). A-G. Images of an 11-d-old culture on SNA. A. Overview of colony with clusters of conidia and aerial hyphae. Many of the hyphae have a collapsed appearance. B. Detail of colony with conidiophores, conidia and aerial hyphae that are partly collapsed. C. Detail of a conidiophore end and a secondary ramoconidium. Note the scars at the end of the conidiophore. D. Details of conidia and ornamentation. The ornamentation consists out of markedly defined units, which have a relatively large distance from each other. Note the hilum on the right conidium. E. Conidiophore with large scars and conidia. F. Different blastoconidia with very early stages of new spore formation in the middle of the picture. G. Pattern of spore development. Scale bars = 2 (D), 5 (B, E-G), 10 (C), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 299.

Cladosporium subobtectum (NY). Mycelium, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 300.

Cladosporium subsclerotioideum (DAOM). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 301.

Cladosporium subsclerotioideum (DAOM). A. Overview. B. Conidiophores. C. Conidiophores and conidia. D. Conidiophores with coronate scars. E. Germinating conidium. F, G. Conidia showing surface ornamentation. Scale bars = 10 (B-G), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 302.

Cladosporium subtilissimum (CBS 113754). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 303.

Cladosporium subtilissimum (CBS 113754). A-C. Macronematous conidiophores. D. Conidial chain. E. Micronematous conidiophore. F-G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 304.

Cladosporium subtilissimum (CBS 113754). A. Overview on the organisation of spore formation. The micrograph shows a large basal secondary ramoconidium which has chains of secondary ramoconidia, intercalary and small terminal conidia. The conidia are formed in rows of often three cells. Note the size difference in the different cells. B. Conidiophore showing very pronounced scars that almost appear as branches. C. Detail of (A), illustrating the scar formation between the cells. D. Conidia during different stages of formation. E. Details of pronounced hila, and prominent ornamentation on secondary ramoconidia with the central dome-formed area. F. Different conidia and hila. Scale bars = 2 (E), 5 (B-D, F), 10 (A) μm.

Fig. 305.

Cladosporium subuliforme (CBS 126500). Subulate conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 306.

Cladosporium subuliforme (CBS 126500). A-C. Tips of conidiophores with conidial chains. D. Subulate conidiophore with terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cell and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 307.

Cladosporium syringicola (HAL 1835 F). Symptoms, dimorphic conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 308.

Cladosporium syringicola (HAL 1835 F). A. Symptoms. B. Overview. C. Fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata. D. Tip of a conidiophore with numerous, conspicuous, crowded, coronate conidiogenous loci and conidia still attached. E, G. Dimorphic conidiophores, second type of conidiophores arising from external, creeping hyphae. F. Tip of a conidiophore with conidia still attached. Scale bars = 10 (C-F), 20 (B) μm.

Fig. 309.

Cladosporium taphrinae (BPI 427506). Conidiophores arising from stromata and conidiophores arising from hyphae, erumpent through asci and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 310.

Cladosporium taphrinae (BPI 427506). A, D. Overview showing conidiophores erumpent through asci and conidia. B. Conidiophores and conidia. C. Details of the coronate scar structure on conidiophores and conidia. D. Scale bars = 5 (C), 10 (B), 20 (A, D) μm.

Fig. 312.

Cladosporium tenellum (CPC 12053). A-C, E. Macronematous conidiophore. D. Micronematous conidiophore. F. Ramoconidium and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 313.

Cladosporium tenellum (CPC 12053). A. A bird’s eye view of a colony of C. tenellum with its very characteristic bundles of aerial hyphae. Numerous conidia are visible, formed on simple conidiophores. B. Hyphae that run on the agar surface give rise to conidiophores and numerous conidia that are relatively rounded. C. Conidiophore ends are rather simple and have large scars. D. Hila on a secondary ramoconidium with non-ornamented area. E. Detail of the prominent ornamentation on a secondary ramoconidium. Scale bars = 2 (C, E), 5 (D), 10 (B), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 314.

Cladosporium tenuissimum (NY). Conidiophores emerging through stomata, tips of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 315.

Cladosporium tenuissimum (CBS 125995). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores usually with a head-like swollen apex and sometimes additional intercalary nodules, conidial chains and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 316.

Cladosporium tenuissimum (CBS 125995). A-E, G-H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. F, I-J. Micronematous conidiophores with conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 317.

Cladosporium trillii (NY). Symptoms, conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 318.

Cladosporium trillii (NY). A. Symptoms. B. Conidiophores and conidia. C. Conidium. D. Geniculate, somewhat nodulose conidiophore and conidia. Scale bars = 10 (B-D) μm.

Fig. 319.

Cladosporium uredinicola (IMI 254519). Conidiophores arising from hyphae and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 320.

Cladosporium uredinicola (IMI 171548, at the lower limit of the variability of the species). Conidiophores arising from hyphae, microcyclic conidiogenesis and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 321.

Cladosporium uredinicola (IMI 183694 and IMI 183695). Conidiophores arising from hyphae or aggregated in loose groups, microcyclic conidiogenesis and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 322.

Cladosporium uredinicola (IMI 254519). A-B. Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. C-D. Details of the coronate scar structure on conidia. Scale bars = 5 (C), 10 (B, D), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 324.

Cladosporium ushuwaiense (LPS 13.144). A. Symptoms. B. Conidiophores and conidia. C. Overview, fascicle of conidiophores. D. Conidiophore with percurrent, enteroblastic proliferation and distinctly thickened walls. Scale bars = 10 (B, D), 50 (C) μm.

Fig. 325.

Cladosporium variabile (NY, lectotype of C. subnodosum). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 326.

Cladosporium variabile (CPC 12751). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidia in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 327.

Cladosporium variabile (CPC 12751), anamorphic and teleomorphic state. A-C. Macronematous conidiophores. D, F. Micronematous conidiophores. E, G-H. Conidia. I. Twisted aerial mycelium. J. Ascomata formed on nettle stem in culture. K. Surface view of ascomal wall of textura epidermoidea. L-M. Asci. N-P. Ascospores. Q. Ascus with a sheath. Scale bars = 10 (A, D, G-J, K-N), 250 (J) μm.

Fig. 328.

Cladosporium variabile (CPC 12753). A. Survey of hyphae that grow on the agar surface. Some of the fungal cells have a swollen appearance and could develop into a “foot cell” that gives rise to a conidiophore. B. A number of aerial hyphae obstruct the swollen, large structures on the agar surface, which give rise to conidiophores. Some of them appear ornamented. C. A series of conidia formed on a conidiophore (bottom of the micrograph). D. Detail of the ornamented conidia. The ornamentations are isolated and dispersed. Note also the ornamentation-free scar zone and the hilum of the left cell. E. Two conidia behind an aerial hypha. F. Two conidiophores forming secondary ramoconidia. Note the bulbous shape of the spore-forming apparatus. This micrograph is from an uncoated sample. Scale bars = 2 (D), 5 (E), 10 (A-C, F) μm.

Fig. 329.

Cladosporium varians (HAL 2061 F, isotype of C. varians). Mycelium, conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 330.

Cladosporium varians (HAL 1845 F, holotype of C. phyllogenum). Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 331.

Cladosporium varians (HAL 1845 F, holotype of C. phyllogenum). Ramoconidia, secondary ramoconidia and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 332.

Cladosporium varians (HAL 1845 F, holotype of C. phyllogenum). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. A. Geniculate conidiophore. B. Branched conidiophore and conidia. C. Conidiophores with several conspicuous conidiogenous loci. D. Conidia and external mycelium. E. Truncate, unthickened base of a ramoconidium. F-G. Ramoconidia. H. Conidia showing coronate scar structure. I-J. Conidia. Scale bars = 5 (E), 10 (C-D, F-J), 20 (A, B) μm.

Fig. 333.

Cladosporium varians (CBS 126362). A-F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 334.

Cladosporium velox (CBS 119417) (from Zalar et al. 2007). A-D. Colony surface grown on PDA (A), OA (B), MEA (C) and MEA plus 5 % NaCl (D) of strains incubated for 14 d at 25 °C in darkness. E-F. Habit of conidiophores. G. Conidiophore. H-I. Secondary ramoconidia and conidia. E-I. All from 7-d-old SNA slide cultures. A-D, G, from CBS 119417 (ex-type strain); E-F, H-I, from EXF-466. Scale bars = 10 (H-I), 30 (G), 50 (F), 100 (E) μm.

Fig. 337.

Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides (CBS 126363). A. CryoSEM of a small colony illustrating the dense middle part with many young conidiophores and some disconnected masses of conidia. B. Stout erect conidiophores sprouting from rounded linearly oriented cells. C, G-H. Details of the fungal colony containing the structures on which conidiophores are formed and the different types of conidia. Note the ornamented conidia and the more or less smooth or only slightly ornamented conidiophores. D. Conidiophore, secondary ramoconidia and scars. E. Rounded conidia in a chain showing the reticulate surface ornamentation. F. Secondary ramoconidium and scars. Note the reduced ornamentation on this cell in comparison with the conidia. Scale bars = 2 (D, F), 5 (C, E), 10 (G-H), 20 (B), 50 (A) μm.

Fig. 335.

Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides (CBS 126363). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes formed in ropes, ramoconidia and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 336.

Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides (CBS 126363). A-H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 356.

Fusicladium baptisiae (WIS, lectotype of C. baptisiae). Symptoms (original size), conidia, conidiogenous cells and fascicles of conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 338.

Cladosporium victorialis (HAL 1533 F, isotype of C. alliicola). Fascicle of conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 339.

Cladosporium victorialis (HAL 1533 F, isotype of C. alliicola). A. Overview. B. Fascicle of conidiophores. C. Conidiophores and conidia. D. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 (B-D), 20 (A) μm.

Fig. 340.

Cladosporium vignae (BPI 427608). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 341.

Cladosporium vignae (BPI 427608). A. Conidiophores. B. Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 342.

Cladosporium vincicola (W 10216). Fascicle of conidiophores emerging through stomata, conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 343.

Cladosporium xylophilum (BPI 427230, PPMH, syntypes of C. indigoferae). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 344.

Cladosporium xylophilum (CBS 125997). Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes formed in ropes and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 345.

Cladosporium xylophilum (CBS 125997). A-G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains in vitro. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 346.

Cladosporium xyridis (NY). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 347.

Cladosporium xyridis (NY). A-B. Conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis in vivo. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 348.

Cladosporium yuccae (HBG). Fascicles of conidiophores, tips of conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 349.

Parastenella aequatoriensis (M-0057478, syntype of C. aequatoriense). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 350.

Zasmidium araliae (BPI 426122, holotype of C. araliae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 351.

Fusicladium aromaticum (BPI 426124, lectotype of C. aromaticum). Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 352.

Fusicladium artemisiae (WIS, lectotype of C. artemisiae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 353.

Fusicladium astericola (WIS, lectotype of C. astericola). Infected leaves (original size), conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 354.

Parapericoniella asterinae (IMI 11851b, holotype of C. asterinae). Conidiophores with branched apices and lateral branchlets, detached ‘branchlets’ and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 355.

Cladosporium balladynae (IMI 98798i). Conidia and conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 357.

Fusicladium betuligenum (BPI 426165, holotype material). Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 358.

Passalora barretoana (lectotype of C. brachyelytri). Infected leaves, conidia, conidiogenous cells and small fascicles of conidiophores emerging through stomata. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 359.

Fusicladium britannicum (IMI 175936, holotype of C. britannicum). Conidiophores, conidia, hyphae and swollen hyphal cells. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 360.

Fusicladium caducum (WIS, lectotype of C. caducum). Symptoms (original size), conidia, detached conidiogenous cells (ramoconidia) and conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 361.

Fusicladium caesalpiniae (BPI 426182, holotype of C. caesalpiniae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 362.

Cercospora callae (BPI 426184, syntype). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 363.

Fusicladium carpophilum (WIS, lectotype of C. americanum). Conidia and conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 364.

Graphiopsis chlorocephalum (HAL 1924 F). Periconioid, stem rotting morph. Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 365.

Graphiopsis chlorocephalum (HAL 2011 F). Cladosporioid, leaf-spotting morph. Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 366.

Fusicladium coreopsidis (WIS, lectotype of C. coreopsidis). Conidia and conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 367.

Zasmidium eriolobi (IMI 175732, holotype of C. eriolobi). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 368.

Passalora sweetiae (M-0057571, lectotype of C. ferrugineum). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 369.

Passalora foveolicola (LPS 13.136, holotype of C. foveolicola). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 370.

Dischloridium gloeosporioides (CUP-A 2170, lectotype of C. gloeosporioides). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 371.

Passalora gynoxidicola (M-0057615, type of C. gynoxidixola). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 372.

Digitopodium hemileiae (BPI 426854, holotype of C. hemileiae). Conidiophores with digitate or rhizoid protuberances and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 373.

Pseudocercospora hoveae (S, holotype of C. hoveae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 374.

Dendryphiella infuscans (WIS, lectotype of C. elsinoes). Conidia and conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 375.

Fusicladium jacarandae (IACM, holotype of C. jacarandae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 376.

Passalora lactucicola (BPI 427238, syntype of C. lactucae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 377.

Zasmidium lonicericola (BPI 427243, syntype of C. lonicerae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 378.

Zasmidium lonicericola (HAL). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 379.

Fusicladium lysimachiae (ILL 21101, holotype of C. lysimachiae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 380.

Fusicladium monardae (WIS, lectotype of C. monardae). Conidia, conidiophores arising from hyphae and stromata. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 381.

Metulocladosporiella musae (IMI 7521, slide). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 382.

Fusicladium myrticola (BPI 427273, holotype of C. myrticola). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 383.

Fusicladium orchidis (IMI 60545). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 384.

Zasmidium oxycocci (BPI 427299, holotype of C. oxycocci). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 385.

Fusicladium parasiticum (K 130656, neotype of C. phyllochorae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 386.

Zasmidium paulliniae (IMI 37238a, holotype of C. paulliniae). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 387.

Fusicladium psammicola (PAD, holotype of Exosporium psammicola). A. Hyphae, hyphal aggregations and strands. B. Fasciculate conidiophores. C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 388.

Pseudoasperisporium puccinioides (K 121568, holotype of C. puccinioides). Fascicle of conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 389.

Zasmidium quitense (B 700006694, lectotype of C. quitense). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 390.

Septonema acicola (B 700006696, lectotype of C. radians). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 391.

Fusicladium salicis (HAL, topotype of C. salicis). A. Conidiophores. B. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.

Fig. 392.

Zasmidium stipae (WIS, lectotype of C. stipae). A. Conidia. B. Conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 393.

Passalora nopomingensis (WIS, lectotype of C. trichophilum). Conidia and conidiophores climbing leaf hairs. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 394.

Fusicladium triostei (NYS 3219, holotype of C. triostei). Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 395.

Cladosporium asteromatoides (PAD). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 396.

Cladosporium herbarum f. parasiticum (PAD). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. B. Heuchert del.

Fig. 397.

Cladosporium herbarum f. Phaseoli vulgaris (M). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 398.

Cladosporium herbarum var. ephedrae (M). Conidiophores and conidia in vivo. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 399.

Cladosporium stromatum (B 700006714). Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. K. Bensch del.

Fig. 400.

Cladosporium stromatum (B 700006714). A-B. Details of the scar structure on conidia. Scale bars = 1 (B), 5 (A) μm.