Ocular involvement in toxic epidermal necrolysis

Abstract

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Lyell's syndrome is an acute life-threatening disease often triggered by an adverse drug reaction and/or infection. It is characterized by an extensive epidermal loss and severe mucosal involvement. Its pathophysiology is unresolved, but several studies support the hypothesis of an immune mediation. The authors review the ocular involvement of ten drug-induced TEN cases observed in the last four years (eight females and two males; mean age=47). An epidermal loss ranging from 24 to 95% of body surface area was associated with ocular (10/10), oral (9/10), genital (6/10) and anal (4/10) involvement. Ocular findings in the acute phase were: bilateral mucopurulent conjunctivitis (9/10), with inflammatory membranes (3/10), punctate epithelial keratitis (6/10) and corneal ulcers (3/10). Skin palpebral detachment occurred in seven cases, all with extensive and severe systemic disease. In the chronic phase of the disease the authors observed keratoconjunctivitis sicca (4/7), symblepharon (3/7), entropion with trichiasis (2/7) and corneal neovascularization (2/7). HLA B44 (B12) was observed in four of eight studied patients. In conclusion, ocular involvement is frequent in TEN patients and, in those who survive, it significantly contributes to the morbidity of the disease.