Associations between socioeconomic status and allostatic load: effects of neighborhood poverty and tests of mediating pathways

Abstract

Objectives: We examined relationships between neighborhood poverty and allostatic load in a low- to moderate-income multiracial urban community. We tested the hypothesis that neighborhood poverty is associated with allostatic load, controlling for household poverty. We also examined the hypotheses that this association was mediated by psychosocial stress and health-related behaviors.

Methods: We conducted multilevel analyses using cross-sectional data from a probability sample survey in Detroit, Michigan (n = 919) and the 2000 US Census. The outcome measure was allostatic load. Independent variables included neighborhood and household poverty, psychosocial stress, and health-related behaviors. Covariates included neighborhood and individual demographic characteristics.

Results: Neighborhood poverty was positively associated with allostatic load (P < .05), independent of household poverty and controlling for potential confounders. Relationships between neighborhood poverty were mediated by self-reported neighborhood environment stress but not by health-related behaviors.

Conclusions: Neighborhood poverty is associated with wear and tear on physiological systems, and this relationship is mediated through psychosocial stress. These relationships are evident after accounting for household poverty levels. Efforts to promote health equity should focus on neighborhood poverty, associated stressful environmental conditions, and household poverty.

FIGURE 1—

Hypothesized pathways mediating relationships between neighborhood poverty and allostatic load: Healthy Environments Partnership Community Survey, Detroit, MI, 2002–2003.

FIGURE 2—

Pathways mediating relationships between neighborhood poverty and allostatic load: Healthy Environments Partnership Community Survey, Detroit, MI, 2002–2003. ^aPartial Mediator.