Task-dependent neural bases of perceiving emotionally expressive targets

Abstract

SOCIAL COGNITION IS FUNDAMENTALLY INTERPERSONAL: individuals' behavior and dispositions critically affect their interaction partners' information processing. However, cognitive neuroscience studies, partially because of methodological constraints, have remained largely "perceiver-centric": focusing on the abilities, motivations, and goals of social perceivers while largely ignoring interpersonal effects. Here, we address this knowledge gap by examining the neural bases of perceiving emotionally expressive and inexpressive social "targets." Sixteen perceivers were scanned using fMRI while they watched targets discussing emotional autobiographical events. Perceivers continuously rated each target's emotional state or eye-gaze direction. The effects of targets' emotional expressivity on perceiver's brain activity depended on task set: when perceivers explicitly attended to targets' emotions, expressivity predicted activity in neural structures-including medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex-associated with drawing inferences about mental states. When perceivers instead attended to targets' eye-gaze, target expressivity predicted activity in regions-including somatosensory cortex, fusiform gyrus, and motor cortex-associated with monitoring sensorimotor states and biological motion. These findings suggest that expressive targets affect information processing in manner that depends on perceivers' goals. More broadly, these data provide an early step toward understanding the neural bases of interpersonal social cognition.

Keywords: emotional expressivity; empathy; fMRI; medial prefrontal cortex; social cognition.

Figure 1

Clusters more engaged during emotion rating than during eye-gaze rating (in orange); clusters more engaged during eye-gaze rating than during emotion rating (in blue). STS, superior temporal sulcus; FFA, fusiform face area; MPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex. All clusters exceed a significance thresholded of p < 0.005, uncorrected, with an extent threshold of at least 30 voxels, corresponding with a threshold of p < 0.05, corrected as computed using Monte Carlo simulations.

Figure 2

(A) Clusters whose activity tracked with targets' trait or state expressivity during emotion rating. (B) Clusters whose activity tracked with targets' trait or state expressivity during eye-gaze rating. FFA, fusiform face area; MPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex.