Current and emerging strategies for the management of imatinib-refractory advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Abstract

Since its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in February 2002, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, has become the standard of care for patients with metastatic or unresectable KIT-positive gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Imatinib functions by blocking the adenosine triphosphate binding site of the constitutively activated mutant KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, effectively shutting down the oncogenic signal that drives up to 90% of these tumors. In doing so, it has transformed the management of a condition previously refractory to systemic treatments and established GIST as a model for the use of targeted therapies and oncogene addiction in solid tumors. However, while more than 80% of patients will receive clinical benefit from imatinib monotherapy, more than half will develop progressive disease by 2 years. In this article we review the mechanism and patterns of imatinib resistance in GIST; attempt to offer a practical schema for managing imatinib-refractory patients; and lastly, offer some insight as to future directions and emerging therapeutics for the management of this highly interesting and challenging disease.

Keywords: gastrointestinal stromal tumor; imatinib; resistance; sunitinib; targeted therapy; tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Figure 1.

Frequency of primary KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. ED, extracellular domain; JM, juxtamembrane domain; TK1, adenosine triphosphate binding (tyrosine kinase I) domain; TK2, activation loop (tyrosine kinase II).