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Meta-Analysis
. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD005016.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005016.pub2.

High-flux versus low-flux membranes for end-stage kidney disease

Suetonia C Palmer  1 , Kannaiyan S Rabindranath, Jonathan C Craig, Paul J Roderick, Francesco Locatelli, Giovanni F M Strippoli
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

High-flux versus low-flux membranes for end-stage kidney disease

Suetonia C Palmer et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Clinical practice guidelines regarding the use of high-flux haemodialysis membranes vary widely.

Objectives: We aimed to analyse the current evidence reported for the benefits and harms of high-flux and low-flux haemodialysis.

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register (July 2012), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1948 to March 2011), and EMBASE (1947 to March 2011) without language restriction.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared high-flux haemodialysis with low-flux haemodialysis in people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) who required long-term haemodialysis.

Data collection and analysis: Data were extracted independently by two authors for study characteristics (participants and interventions), risks of bias, and outcomes (all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, hospitalisation, health-related quality of life, carpal tunnel syndrome, dialysis-related arthropathy, kidney function, and symptoms) among people on haemodialysis. Treatment effects were expressed as a risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random-effects model.

Main results: We included 33 studies that involved 3820 participants with ESKD. High-flux membranes reduced cardiovascular mortality (5 studies, 2612 participants: RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.99) but not all-cause mortality (10 studies, 2915 participants: RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.04) or infection-related mortality (3 studies, 2547 participants: RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.14). In absolute terms, high-flux membranes may prevent three cardiovascular deaths in 100 people treated with haemodialysis for two years. While high-flux membranes reduced predialysis beta-2 microglobulin levels (MD -12.17 mg/L, 95% CI -15.83 to -8.51 mg/L), insufficient data were available to reliably estimate the effects of membrane flux on hospitalisation, carpal tunnel syndrome, or amyloid-related arthropathy. Evidence for effects of high-flux membranes was limited by selective reporting in a few studies. Insufficient numbers of studies limited our ability to conduct subgroup analyses for membrane type, biocompatibility, or reuse. In general, the risk of bias was either high or unclear in the majority of studies.

Authors' conclusions: High-flux haemodialysis may reduce cardiovascular mortality in people requiring haemodialysis by about 15%. A large well-designed RCT is now required to confirm this finding.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

  1. KSR received funding from the National Kidney Research Fund (UK) to conduct this systematic review.

  2. GFMS is the scientific director for Diaverum, a global provider of renal services

  3. SCP receives an unrestricted fellowship from the Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, provided by Amgen Dompe.

  4. FL was principal investigator of the MPO trial supported by an unrestricted grant by Fresenius Medical Care; has received lecture fees from Bellco, Fresenius Medical Care, and Gambro‐Hospal.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
1.1
1.1
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality.
1.2
1.2
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 2 Death due to infection.
1.3
1.3
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 3 Cardiovascular mortality.
1.4
1.4
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 4 Hospitalisation.
1.5
1.5
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 5 Hospital admissions/year.
1.6
1.6
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 6 Predialysis beta‐2 microglobulin.
1.7
1.7
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 7 Equilibrated Kt/Vurea.
1.8
1.8
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 8 Dialysis‐associated amyloid‐related complications.
1.9
1.9
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 9 Intradialytic hypotension.
1.10
1.10
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 10 Withdrawal due to treatment inadequacy.
1.11
1.11
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 11 Lipid profile.
1.12
1.12
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 12 Residual renal function at end of study period.
1.13
1.13
Comparison 1 High‐flux versus low‐flux membranes, Outcome 13 Average rate of loss of residual renal function.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005016

References

References to studies included in this review

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MPO 2009 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

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Bordoni 2006 {published data only}
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Bosc 1997 {published data only}
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Caramelo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Caramelo C, Alcazar R, Gallar P, Teruel JL, Velo M, Ortega O, et al. Choice of dialysis membrane does not influence the outcome of residual renal function in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(6):675‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Cases 1993 {published data only}
    1. Cases A, Reverter JC, Escolar G, Sanz C, Lopez‐Pedret J, Revert L, et al. Platelet activation on hemodialysis: influence of dialysis membrane. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1993;41:S217‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chanard 1989 {published data only}
    1. Chanard J, Bindi P, Lavaud S, Toupance O, Maheut H, Lacour F. Carpal tunnel syndrome and type of dialysis membrane. BMJ 1989;298(6677):867‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Chaveau 1992 {published data only}
    1. Chauveau P, Poignet JL, Kuno T, Bonete R, Kerembrun A, Naret C, et al. Phosphate removal rate: a comparative study of five high‐flux dialysers. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1992;6(Suppl 2):114‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chen 2005c {published data only}
    1. Chen X, Li Z, Wu P, Zhang D, Shen Q, Yu X. b2‐microglobulin and iPTH removal in on‐line hemodiafiltration versus low‐ and high‐flux hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl):A185.
Churchill 1995 {published data only}
    1. Churchill DN. Clinical impact of biocompatible dialysis membranes on patient morbidity and mortality: An appraisal of the evidence. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10 Suppl 10:52‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Civati 1991 {published data only}
    1. Civati G, Teatini U, Guastoni C, Perego A, Perrino ML, Ballerini L, et al. Long‐term experience with high‐flux polysulfone in hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 1994;42 Suppl 1:S26‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Combe 1994 {published data only}
    1. Combe C, Pourtein M, Precigout V, Baquey A, Morel D, Potaux L, et al. Granulocyte activation and adhesion molecules during hemodialysis with cuprophane and a high‐flux biocompatible membrane. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1994;24(3):437‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
CONTRAST (Dutch) 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gritters‐van den Oever M, Grooteman MP, Bartels PC, Blankestijn PJ, Bots ML, Dorpel MA, et al. Post‐dilution haemodiafiltration and low‐flux haemodialysis have dissimilar effects on platelets: a side study of CONTRAST. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009; Vol. 24, issue 11:3461‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Penne EJ, Blankestijn PJ, Bots ML, Dorpel MA, Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, et al. [New study evaluating online haemodiafiltration for the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis]. [Dutch]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2006;150(28):1583‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Penne EL, Blankestijn PJ, Bots ML, Ban Den Dorpel MA, Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, et al. Effect of increased convective clearance by on‐line hemodiafiltration on all cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients: design and rationale of the Dutch CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):406A. - PubMed
    1. Penne EL, Blankestijn PJ, Bots ML, Dorpel MA, Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, et al. Effect of increased convective clearance by on‐line hemodiafiltration on all cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients ‐ the Dutch CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST): rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN38365125]. Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine 2005;6(1):8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Penne EL, Blankestijn PJ, Bots ML, Dorpel MA, Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, et al. Resolving controversies regarding hemodiafiltration versus hemodialysis: the Dutch Convective Transport Study. Seminars in Dialysis 2005 Jan;18(1):47‐51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Danielson 1986 {published data only}
    1. Danielson BG, Hallgren R, Venge P. Patient reactions and granulocyte degranulation during hemodialysis with cuprophane and polycarbonate membranes. A double‐blind study. Blood Purification 1986;4(1‐3):147‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Daugirdas 1994a {published data only}
    1. Daugirdas JT. The possible effects of dialyzer membrane on morbidity and mortality. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9 Suppl 2:145‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
De Francisco 1994 {published data only}
    1. Francisco AL, Amado JA, Prieto M, Sanz de Castro S, Ruiz JC, Morales P, et al. Dialysis membranes and PTH changes during hemodialysis in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephron 1994;66(4):442‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dellanna 1999 {published data only}
    1. Dellanna F, Lagendijk H, Westhoff A, Kleophas W, Endert G. Superflux‐dialyser and the genius system: the effect of internal filtration on beta‐2‐microglobulin elimination [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(9):A213.
Demirtas 2002 {published data only}
    1. Demirtas S, Nergisoglu G, Akbay A, Karaca L. The relation between low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and hemodialysis with respect to membrane types: Protective effects of vitamin E‐bonded membrane. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2002;32(2):93‐100. [EMBASE: 2002122144]
De Precigout 1996 {published data only}
    1. Precigout V, Higueret D, Larroumet N, Combe C, Iron A, Blanchetier V, et al. Improvement in lipid profiles and triglyceride removal in patients on polyamide membrane hemodialysis. Blood Purification 1996;14(2):170‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Descamps‐Latscha 1991 {published data only}
    1. Descamps‐Latscha B, Goldfarb B, Nguyen AT, Landais P, London G, Haeffner‐Cavaillon N, et al. Establishing the relationship between complement activation and stimulation of phagocyte oxidative metabolism in hemodialyzed patients: A randomized prospective study. Nephron 1991;59(2):279‐85. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dhakal 1999 {published data only}
    1. Dhakal MP, Kallay MC, Shelly MA, Talley TE. Post‐hemodialysis hypoxia occurs with both biocompatible and bioincompatible dialyzers. Dialysis & Transplantation 1999;28(11):666‐72. [EMBASE: 1999388080]
Ding 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ding F, Lin S, Fan S. The clinical effect of high‐flux dialysis and it's influence on plasma cytokine level [abstract]. 35th Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 1998 Jun 6‐9; Rimini, Italy. 1998:291.
Diop 2000 {published data only}
    1. Diop ME, Viron B, Bailleul S, Lefevre G, Fessi H, Maury J, et al. Lp(a) is increased in hemodialysis patients according to the type of dialysis membrane: A 2‐year follow‐up study. Clinical Nephrology 2000;54(3):210‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Docci 1992 {published data only}
    1. Docci D, Bilancioni R, Pistocchi E, Baldrati L, Capponcini C, Delvecchio C, et al. Evolution of serum prealbumin following hemodialysis: effect of different dialysis membranes. Nephron 1992;62(2):145‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Docci 1995 {published data only}
    1. Docci D, Capponcini C, Mengozzi S, Baldrati L, Neri L, Feletti C. Effects of different dialysis membranes on lipid and lipoprotein serum profiles in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1995;69(3):323‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Domrongkitchaiporn 1997 {published data only}
    1. Domrongkitchaiporn S, Chuncharunee S, Archararit N, Atamasirikul K, Vanichakarn S. Effect of dialyzer membranes on beta‐2 microglobulin production in Thai hemodialysis patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1997;80 Suppl 1:S138‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Donovan 1992 {published data only}
    1. Donovan KL, Pacholok S, Phillips A, Humes JL, Coles GA, Williams JD. Effect of dialyser composition and reuse on neutrophil count and elastase alpha‐1 proteinase inhibitor complex formation. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1992;15(3):139‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Falkenhagen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Falkenhagen D, Bosch T, Brown GS, Schmidt B, Holtz M, Baurmeister U, et al. A clinical study on different cellulosic dialysis membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1987;2(6):537‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ferreira 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ferreira A, Urena P, Ang KS, Simon P, Morieux C, Souberbielle JC, et al. Relationship between serum beta 2‐microglobulin, bone histology, and dialysis membranes in uraemic patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(9):1701‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fourtunas 2001 {published data only}
    1. Fourtounas C, Kopelias I, Dimitriadis G, Agroyannis B, Locatelli F, Andrulli S. The impact of dialyzers on the anaemia of haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(5):1077‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fox 1993 {published data only}
    1. Fox SD, Henderson LW. Cardiovascular response during hemodialysis and hemofiltration: thermal, membrane, and catecholamine influences. Blood Purification 1993;11(4):224‐36. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Franke 2002 {published data only}
    1. Franke S, Klemm A, Franke C, Niwa T, Lang D, Passlick‐Deetjin J, et al. The impact of a new high‐flux membrane ‐helixone‐ on serum age levels [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002;13(September, Program & Abstracts):717A.
Gasc¢n 1993 {published data only}
    1. Gascon A, Lerma JL, Orfao A, Lopez Fernandez A, Ciudad J, Tabemero JM. Behaviour of natural killer cells and TCR g‐d lymphocytes during hemodialysis with different membranes [abstract]. 12th International Congress of Nephrology; 1993 June 13‐18; Jerusalem, Israel. 1993:319.
Girndt 1999 {published data only}
    1. Girndt M, Heisel O, Kohler H. Influence of dialysis with polyamide vs haemophan haemodialysers on monokines and complement activation during a 4‐month long‐term study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(23):676‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gonella 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gonella M, Mazzotta A, Calabrese G, Guaschino R, Vagelli G, Pratesi G. Comparison between heparin dose during hemodiafiltration with high flux synthetic membranes. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1994;17(1):61‐2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grekas 1985 {published data only}
    1. Grekas D, Syrganis C, Georgiou T, Zegla O, Tourkantonis A. Biocompatibility of cuprophan and cellulose acetate membranes. Prevention of dialysis hypoxemia and leucopenia by ticlopidine. Life Support Systems 1985;3 Suppl 1:68‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grooteman 1995 {published data only}
    1. Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, Limbeek J, Houte AJ, Daha MR, Geelen JA. Biocompatibility and performance of a modified cellulosic and a synthetic high flux dialyzer. A randomized crossover comparison between cellulose triacetate and polysulphon. ASAIO Journal 1995;41(2):215‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grooteman 1995b {published data only}
    1. Grooteman M, Nube M, Houte A, Schoorl M, Geelen J. Dialyser membrane elution yields pmn with degranulative activity and little adherence [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):450.
    1. Grooteman M, Nube M, Houte A, Schoorl M, Geelen J. Lymphocyte subsets in dialyser eluates might represent an index of biocompatibility [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):450.
    1. Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, et al. Evidence of marked degranulative activity in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from dialyzer eluates [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(6):1034.
    1. Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, et al. Lymphocyte subsets in dialyzer eluates represent an index of bio‐incompatibility [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(6):1034.
    1. Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, Houte AJ, Schoorl M, Limbeek J. Granulocyte sequestration in dialysers: a comparative elution study of three different membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(10):1859‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grooteman 1997 {published data only}
    1. Grooteman MP, Nube MJ, Daha MR, Limbeek J, Deuren M, Schoorl M, et al. Cytokine profiles during clinical high‐flux dialysis: no evidence for cytokine generation by circulating monocytes. Journal of the Amercian Society of Nephrology 1997;8(11):1745‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grooteman 2005 {published data only}
    1. Grooteman MP, Gritters M, Wauters IM, Schalkwijk CG, Stam F, Twisk J, et al. Patient characteristics rather than the type of dialyser predict the variability of endothelial derived surface molecules in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(12):2751‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grooteman 2007 {published data only}
    1. Grooteman MP, Wauters IM, Teerlink T, Twisk JW, Nube MJ. Plasma dimethylarginine levels in chronic hemodialysis patients are independent of the type of dialyzer applied. Blood Purification 2007;25(3):281‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haag‐Weber 1994 {published data only}
    1. Haag‐Weber M, Mai B, Deppisch R, Gohl H, Horl WH. Studies of biocompatibility of different dialyzer membranes: Role of complement system, intracellular calcium and inositol‐triphosphate. Clinical Nephrology 1994;41(4):245‐51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hakim 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hakim RM. Recent advances in the biocompatibility of haemodialysis membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10 Suppl 10:7‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hakim 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hakim RM, Wingard RL, Husni L, Parker RA, Parker TF. The effect of membrane biocompatibility on plasma beta 2‐microglobulin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(3):472‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hakim RM, Wingard RL, Ikizler TA, Parker RA, Vanholder R, Husni L, et al. Effects of biocompatibility on nutritional status in chronic hemodialysis patients (chd) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):451.
    1. Hakim RM, Wingard RL, Parker RA, Vanholder R, Husni L, Parker TF 3rd. Effects of biocompatibility on hospitalizations and infectious morbidity in chronic hemodialysis patients (CHD) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):450.
Haque 1994 {published data only}
    1. Haque SS, Ishaque M, Rashid HU, Rahman D. Study of effectivity and patient well being with cupraphan and cellulose acetate membrane dialyzer. Bangladesh Renal Journal 1994;13(1):24‐7. [EMBASE: 1994252457]
Hardouin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hardouin P, Flipo RM, Foissac‐Gegoux P, Dumont A, Duquesnoy B, Delcambre B. Dialysis‐related beta 2 microglobulin‐amyloid arthropathy. Improvement of clinical symptoms after a switch of dialysis membranes. Clinical Rheumatology 1988;7(1):41‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haufe 2001 {published data only}
    1. Haufe CC, Eismann U, Deppisch R, Stein G. Is the expression of beta‐2‐microglobulin messenger‐RNA influenced by high‐flux or low‐flux dialyzer membranes? [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):282A.
    1. Haufe CC, Eismann U, Deppisch R, Stein G. MRNA expression of beta‐2‐microglobulin (b2‐m) and c‐fos in patients with chronic renal replacement therapy [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(Sept):563A.
    1. Haufe CC, Eismann U, Deppisch RM, Stein G. Expression of beta2‐microglobulin and c‐fos mRNA: is there an influence of high‐ or low‐flux dialyzer membranes?. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 2001;78:S177‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Heisel 1995 {published data only}
    1. Heisel O, Girndt M, Kohler H. Does a high flux membrane influence the monokine production of chronic dialysis patients? [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1995;6(3):533.
    1. Heisel O, Girndt M, Kohler H. Influence of a high flux membrane on the cytokine production of chronic dialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(7):1472. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261184]
Hernandez 2007a {published data only}
    1. Hernandez MR, Palomo M, Fuste B, Carbo C, Collado S, Cases A, et al. Effect of two different dialysis membranes on leukocyte adhesion and aggregation. Nephron 2007;106(1):c1‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Himmelfarb 1993 {published data only}
    1. Himmelfarb J, Ault KA, Holbrook D, Leeber DA, Hakim RM. Intradialytic granulocyte reactive oxygen species production: a prospective, crossover trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1993;4(2):178‐86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Himmelfarb 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hakim RM, Held PJ, Stannard DC, Wolfe RA, Port FK, Daugirdas JT, et al. Effect of the dialysis membrane on mortality of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 1996;50(2):566‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hakim RM, Tolkoff‐Rubin N, Himmelfarb J, Wingard RL, Parker RA. A multicenter comparison of bioincompatible (bicm) and biocompatible (bcm) membranes in the treatment of acute renal failure (arf) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):394. - PubMed
    1. Hakim RM, Wingard RL, Lawrence P, Parker RA, Schulman G. Use of biocompatible membranes (bcm) improves outcome and recovery from acute renal failure (arf) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1992;3(3):367.
    1. Hakim RM, Wingard RL, Parker RA. Effect of the dialysis membrane in the treatment of patients with acute renal failure.[see comment]. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331(20):1338‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Himmelfarb J, Tolkoff RN, Chandran P, Parker RA, Wingard RL, Hakim R. A multicenter comparison of dialysis membranes in the treatment of acute renal failure requiring dialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(2):257‐66. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hoenich 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hoenich NA, Woffindin C, Matthews JN, Goldfinch ME, Turnbull J. Clinical comparison of high‐flux cellulose acetate and synthetic membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(1):60‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hoenich 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hoenich NA, Woffindin C, Mathews JN, Vienken J. Biocompatibility of membranes used in the treatment of renal failure. Biomaterials 1995;16(8):587‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hoenich 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hoenich NA, Woffindin C, Cox PJ, Goldfinch M, Roberts SJ. Clinical characterization of Dicea a new cellulose membrane for haemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 1997;48(4):253‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hoenich 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hoenich NA, Stamp S. Clinical performance of a new high‐flux synthetic membrane. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2000;36(2):345‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hoenich 2000a {published data only}
    1. Hoenich NA, Stamp S, Roberts SJ. A microdomain‐structured synthetic high‐flux hollow‐fiber membrane for renal replacement therapy. ASAIO Journal 2000;46(1):70‐5. - PubMed
Hornberger 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hornberger JC, Chernew M, Petersen J, Garber AM. A multivariate analysis of mortality and hospital admissions with high‐flux dialysis. Journal of the Amercian Society of Nephrology 1992;3(6):1227‐37. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hornych 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hornych A, Remy P, Loung N, Aumont J, Bariety J. Biocompatibility of haemodialysis membranes: haemodialysis‐related leukotriene B4 and C4 generation. Nephron 1996;74(1):11‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Huraib 2000 {published data only}
    1. Huraib S, Tanimu D, Shaheen F, Hejaili FM, Giles C, Pagayon V. Effect of vitamin‐E‐modified dialysers on dialyser clotting, erythropoietin and heparin dosage: a comparative crossover study. American Journal of Nephrology 2000;20(5):364‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ingram 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ingram AJ, Parbtani A, Churchill DN. Effects of two low‐flux cellulose acetate dialysers on plasma lipids and lipoproteins‐‐a cross‐over trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13(6):1452‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Iorio 1997 {published data only}
    1. Iorio L, Saltarelli G, Nacca RG, Simonelli R, Violi F. Hyperlipidemia in dialysis patients: What treatment?. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 1997;23(3‐6):311‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ivanovich 1983 {published data only}
    1. Ivanovich P, Chenoweth DE, Schmidt R, KlinkmannH, Boxer L A, Jacob HS, et al. Symptoms and activation of granulocytes and complement with two dialysis membranes. Kidney International 1983;24(6):758‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Josephson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Josephson MA, Fellner SK, Dasgupta A. Improved lipid profiles in patients undergoing high‐flux hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1992;20(4):361‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kasama 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kasama R, Koch T, Canals‐Navas C, Pitone JM. Vitamin B6 and hemodialysis: the impact of high‐flux/high‐efficiency dialysis and review of the literature. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1996;27(5):680‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kato 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kato A, Takita T, Furuhashi M, Takahashi T, Watanabe T, Maruyama Y, et al. Polymethylmethacrylate efficacy in reduction of renal itching in hemodialysis patients: crossover study and role of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha. Artificial Organs 2001;25(6):441‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kim 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kim S, Oh KH, Chin HJ, Na KY, Kim YS, Chae DW, et al. Effective removal of leptin via hemodiafiltration with on‐line endogenous reinfusion therapy. Clinical Nephrology 2009; Vol. 72, issue 6:442‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kino 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kino K, Akizawa T, Koshikawa S. Effects of membrane characteristics on cytokine production by mononuclear cells in regular haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10 Suppl 3:29‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kirschbaum 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kirschbaum B. The decline in serum albumin after conversion to high flux, high efficiency dialysis. Artificial Organs 1994;18(10):729‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klemm 1997 {published data only}
    1. Klemm A, Sperschneider H, Winnefeld K, Gunther K, Stein G. Comparison of aluminum removal between hemodialysis with polycarbonate low flux membrane and hemofiltration with polysulfone high flux membrane in end‐stage renal failure patients. Clinical Nephrology 1997;47(2):133‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klinkmann 1998 {published data only}
    1. Klinkmann H, Buscaroli A, Stefoni S. Beta2‐microglobulin and low‐flux synthetic dialyzers. Artificial Organs 1998;22(7):585‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koda 1997 {published data only}
    1. Koda Y, Nishi S, Miyazaki S, Haginoshita S, Sakurabayashi T, Suzuki M, et al. Switch from conventional to high‐flux membrane reduces the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 1997;52(4):1096‐101. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kramer 1992 {published data only}
    1. Kramer BK, Pickert A, Hohmann C, Liebich HM, Muller GA, Hablitzel M, et al. In vivo clearance and elimination of nine marker substances during hemofiltration with different membranes. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1992;15(7):408‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Krieter 2008 {published data only}
    1. Krieter DH, Lemke HD, Wanner C. A new synthetic dialyzer with advanced permselectivity for enhanced low‐molecular weight protein removal. Artificial Organs 2008;32(7):547‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Krieter 2010 {published data only}
    1. Krieter DH, Hackl A, Rodriguez A, Chenine L, Moragues HL, Lemke HD, et al. Protein‐bound uraemic toxin removal in haemodialysis and post‐dilution haemodiafiltration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010; Vol. 25, issue 1:212‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lee 2009b {published data only}
    1. Lee D, Haase M, Haase‐Fielitz A, Paizis K, Goehl H, Bellomo R. A pilot, randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study of high cut‐off versus high‐flux dialysis membranes. Blood Purification 2009; Vol. 28, issue 4:365‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leitienne 1991 {published data only}
    1. Leitienne P, Trzeciak MC, Adeleine P, Ville D, Dechavanne M, Traeger J, et al. Comparison of hemostasis with two high‐flux hemocompatible dialysis membranes. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1991;14(4):227‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Levin 1993 {published data only}
    1. Levin N, Zasuwa G, Klinkmann H. Introduction, demography, and general methods. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993;8(Suppl 2):2‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Levin NW, Zasuwa G. Relationship between dialyser type and signs and symptoms. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993;8(Suppl 2):30‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lin 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lin YF, Chang DM, Shaio MF, Lu KC, Chyr SH, Li BL, et al. Cytokine production during hemodialysis: Effects of dialytic membrane and complement activation. American Journal of Nephrology 1996;16(4):293‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Linnenweber 2001 {published data only}
    1. Linnenweber S, Lonnemann G. Effects of dialyzer membrane on interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1beta) and IL‐1beta‐converting enzyme in mononuclear cells. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 2001;78:S282‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 1996b {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F. Influence of membranes on morbidity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(Suppl 2):116‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 1997 {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Filippo S, Manzoni C. The effect of dialysis membrane on serum beta2‐microglobulin in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(12):2804. [EMBASE: 1997378135] - PubMed
Locatelli 1999 {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Andrulli S, Vecchio L. Anemia of hemodialysis patients: evaluation of the effect of BK‐F polymethylmethacrylate membrane. Contributions to Nephrology 1999;125:173‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2000b {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Filippo S, Manzoni C. Removal of small and middle molecules by convective techniques. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15 Suppl 2:37‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2001a {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Andrulli S, D'Amico M. Evaluation of dialysis outcomes: experimental versus observational evidence. Journal of Nephrology 2001;14 Suppl 4:S101‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2001b {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Vecchio L, Andrulli S. Dialysis: its role in optimizing recombinant erythropoietin treatment. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16 Suppl 7:29‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2002 {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F. Optimizing dose and mode of renal replacement therapy in anaemia management. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17 Suppl 5:60‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2003 {published data only}
    1. Loocatelli F. Dose of dialysis, convection and haemodialysis patients outcome ‐ What the HEMO study doesn't tell us: The European viewpoint. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(6):1061‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lonnenmann 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lonnemann G, Novick D, Rubinstein M, Passlick‐Deetjen J, Lang D, Dinarello C. A switch to high‐flux Helixone membranes reverses suppressed interferon‐gamma production in patients on low‐flux dialysis. Blood Purification 2003;21(3):225‐31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lundberg 1994 {published data only}
    1. Lundberg L, Stegmayr BG, Wehle B. Backdiffusion or bicarbonate may stimulate complement activation during haemodialysis with low‐flux membranes. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1994;17(3):131‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
MacGinley 2001 {published data only}
    1. MacGinley R, Westhuyzen J, Saltissi D, Morgan C, Healy H, Thirlwell GK, et al. Evaluation of a novel vitamin E coated cellulosic membrane hollow fiber dialyzer. ASAIO Journal 2001;47(1):66‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mahuet 2001 {published data only}
    1. Maheut H, Lacour F. Using AN69 ST membrane: a dialysis centre experience. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(7):1519‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
MAMHEBI Study 2006 {published data only}
    1. Santoro A, Mancini E, Bolzani R, Boggi R, Cagnoli L, Francioso A, et al. The effect of on‐line high‐flux hemofiltration versus low‐flux hemodialysis on mortality in chronic kidney failure: a small randomized controlled trial. [see comment]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;52(3):507‐18. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Mandolfo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mandolfo S, Borlandelli S, Imbasciati E, Badalamenti S, Graziani G, Sereni L, et al. Pilot study to assess increased dialysis efficiency in patients with limited blood flow rates due to vascular access problems. Hemodialysis International 2008;12(1):55‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mann 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mann H, Al‐Bashir A, Melzer H, Stiller S. Diacap alpha‐polysulfone HI PS: a new dialysis membrane with optimum beta2‐microglobulin elimination. International Journal of Artifical Organs 2003;26(6):461‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Martinez Ara 1994 {published data only}
    1. Martinez Ara J, Sanz Moreno C, Perez Garcia R. Cooperative study of nutrition in hemodialysis IV. Hemodialysis techniques and nutritional parameters. Nefrologia 1994;14(Suppl 2):51‐9. [EMBASE: 1994230874]
Martin‐Malo 1991 {published data only}
    1. Martin‐Malo A, Castillo D, Castro M, Perez R, Rios A, Jaraba M, et al. Biocompatibility of dialysis membranes: a comparative study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6 Suppl 2:55‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Martin‐Malo 1993 {published data only}
    1. Martin‐Malo A, Castillo D, Castro M, Perez R, Rios A, Jaraba M, et al. Fibrinolytic activity during hemodialysis: a biocompatibility‐related phenomenon. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1993;41:S213‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Martos 1997 {published data only}
    1. Martos MR, Hendry BM, Rodriguez‐Puyol M, Dwight J, Diez‐Marques ML, Rodriguez‐Puyol D. Haemodialyser biocompatibility and erythrocyte structure and function. Clinica Chimica Acta 1997;265(2):235‐46. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Matthews 1994 {published data only}
    1. Matthews JN, Hoenich NA. Statistical aspects of the design and analysis of studies to compare haemodialysis membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9 Suppl 2:176‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Matzkies 2000 {published data only}
    1. Matzkies FK, Reinecke H, Tombach B, Kosch M, Hegger K, Milius M, et al. Influence of dialysis procedure, membrane surface and membrane material on iopromide elimination in patients with reduced kidney function. American Journal of Nephrology 2000;20(4):300‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McCarthy 1997 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy JT, Jenson BM, Squillace DP, Williams AW. Improved preservation of residual renal function in chronic hemodialysis patients using polysulfone dialyzers. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1997;29(4):576‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Mehrotra R, Bross R, Konishi T, Appel M, Tsoi L, Kopple JD. What is the optimal arterial pH for protein balance in automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients' [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):724A.
    1. Mehrotra R, Bross R, Wang H, Appell M, Tso L, Kopple JD. Effect of high‐normal compared with low‐normal arterial pH on protein balances in automated peritoneal dialysis patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009; Vol. 90, issue 6:1532‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Memoli 2000 {published data only}
    1. Memoli B, Postiglione L, Cianciaruso B, Bisesti V, Cimmaruta C, Marzano L, et al. Role of different dialysis membranes in the release of interleukin‐6‐ soluble receptor in uremic patients. Kidney International 2000;58(1):417‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Memoli 2002 {published data only}
    1. Memoli B, Minutolo R, Bisesti V, Postiglione L, Conti A, Marzano L, et al. Changes of serum albumin and C‐reactive protein are related to changes of interleukin‐6 release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hemodialysis patients treated with different membranes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;39(2):266‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Memoli 2003 {published data only}
    1. Memoli B, Bisesti V, Saravo MT, Esposito P, D'Arcangelo R, Nicosia V, et al. Cytokine production in standard hemodialysis with a new polyethersulfone membrane: a cross‐over study. Contributions to Nephrology 2003;138:80‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Merello Godino 2002 {published data only}
    1. Merello Godino JI, Rentero R, Orlandini G, Marcelli D, Ronco C. Results from EuCliD (European Clinical Dialysis Database): impact of shifting treatment modality. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2002;25(11):1049‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Mishkin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Mishkin MA, Mishkin GJ, Lew SQ. Solute removal in hemodiafiltration compared to standard high flux dialysis: combined analysis of 2 cross over studies [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002;13(September, Program & Abstracts):238a.
Moreno 1996 {published data only}
    1. Moreno F, Lopez Gomez JM, Sanz‐Guajardo D, Jofre R, Valderrabano F. Quality of life in dialysis patients. A spanish multicentre study. Spanish Cooperative Renal Patients Quality of Life Study Group. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11 Suppl 2:125‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Moshfegh 2002 {published data only}
    1. Moshfegh A, Jacobson SH, Hallden G, Thylen P, Lundahl J. Impact of hemodialysis membrane and permeability on neutrophil transmigration in vitro. Nephron 2002;91(4):659‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mudge 2005 {published data only}
    1. Mudge D, Rogers R, Hollett P, Law B, Reiger K, Petrie JJP, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels with standard high flux haemodialysis compared with fx class dialysers [abstract]. Nephrology 2004;9(Suppl 1):A16.
    1. Mudge DW, Rogers R, Hollett P, Law B, Reiger K, Petrie JJ, et al. Randomized trial of FX high flux vs standard high flux dialysis for homocysteine clearance. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(10):2178‐85. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Muller 1998 {published data only}
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Munger 2000 {published data only}
    1. Munger MA, Ateshkadi A, Cheung AK, Flaharty KK, Stoddard GJ, Marshall EH. Cardiopulmonary events during hemodialysis: effects of dialysis membranes and dialysate buffers. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2000;36(1):130‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Navarro 1994 {published data only}
    1. Navarro JF, Marcen R, Teruel JL, Martin del Rio R, Gamez C, Mora C, et al. Effect of different membranes on amino‐acid losses during haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13(1):113‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Navarro 1997 {published data only}
    1. Navarro JF, Castillo N, Fernandez JL, Macia ML, Mendez ML, Chahin J, et al. Hemodialysis urea rebound and membrane biocompatibility: accuracy of Kt/V estimations. Artificial Organs 1997;21(2):91‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nensel 1994 {published data only}
    1. Nensel U, Rockel A, Hillenbrand T, Bartel J. Dialyzer permeability for low‐molecular‐weight proteins. Comparison between polysulfone, polyamide and cuprammonium rayon dialyzers. Blood Purification 1994;12(2):128‐34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ohi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ohi H, Tamano M, Sudo S. Cellulose membranes suppress complement activation in patients after hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2001;38(2):384‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Opatrny 1993 {published data only}
    1. Opatrny K Jr, Krouzecky A, Wirth J, Vit L, Eiselt J. The effects of a polyacrylonitrile membrane and a membrane made of regenerated cellulose on the plasma concentrations of erythropoietin during hemodialysis. Artificial Organs 1998;22(10):816‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Opatrny 1995 {published data only}
    1. Opatrny K Jr, Vit L, Opatrna S, Polakovic V, Sefrna F, Sulkova S, et al. Hemocompatibility in hemodialysis and erythropoietin therapy. Artificial Organs 1995;19(8):814‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Opatrny 2006 {published data only}
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Otti 2001 {published data only}
    1. Otti T, Khajehdehi P, Fawzy A, Gellens M, Bastani B. Comparison of blood loss with different high‐flux and high‐efficiency hemodialysis membranes. American Journal of Nephrology 2001;21(1):16‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Ouseph R, Hutchison CA, Ward RA. Differences in solute removal by two high‐flux membranes of nominally similar synthetic polymers. [see comment]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2008;23(5):1704‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Panichi V, Bianchi AM, Cirami C, Parrini M, Andreini B, Finato V, et al. Paired filtration dialysis (PFD): Biocompatibility, dialytic efficiency and clinical tolerance in a long‐term multicenter trial. Journal of Nephrology 1995;8(3):155‐61. [EMBASE: 1995200632]
Parker 1996 {published data only}
    1. Parker TF 3rd, Wingard RL, Husni L, Alp Ikizler T, Parker RA, Hakim RM. Effect of the membrane biocompatibility on nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 1996;49(2):551‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pellicano 2008 {published data only}
    1. Pellicano R, Polkinghorne K, Tuominen O, Woods F, Kerr P. Crossover trial of porous haemodialysis membrane compared to conventional high‐flux membrane: assessment of middle molecule clearance and nutritional parameters [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi131.
    1. Pellicano R, Polkinghorne K, Tuominen O, Woods F, Kerr PG. Improved clearance of beta 2‐microglobulin with superflux dialysis membranes: a randomised double‐blind crossover trial [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):248A.
    1. Pellicano R, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Reduction in beta2‐microglobulin with super‐flux versus high‐flux dialysis membranes: results of a 6‐week, randomized, double‐blind, crossover trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;52(1):93‐101. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pengloan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Pengloan J, Petit A, Thibaut G, Blanchier D, Bardos P. Biocompatibility of dialyser membranes: roles of membranes and of patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6 Suppl 2:59‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pereira 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pereira BJ, Natov SN, Sundaram S, Schmid CH, Trabelsi FR, Strom JA, et al. Impact of single use versus reuse of cellulose dialyzers on clinical parameters and indices of biocompatibility. Journal of American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(6):861‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pickett 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pickett TM, Cruickshank A, Greenwood RN, Taube D, Davenport A, Farrington K. Membrane flux not biocompatibility determines beta‐2‐microglobulin levels in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purification 2002;20(2):161‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ponikvar 2001 {published data only}
    1. Buturovic J, Rus R, Ponikvar R, Kremzar B, Horvat M, Muzlovic I, et al. Low flux vs high flux synthetic membrane in the patients with acute renal failure and multiorgan failure treated with hemodialysis: prospective randomized study [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(Program & Abstracts):128A.
    1. Buturovic J, Rus R, Ponikvar R, Kremzar B, Horvat M, Muzlovic I, et al. Low flux vs. high flux synthetic membrane in the patients with acute renal failure and multiorgan failure treated with hemodialysis: Prospective randomized study [abstract]. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1998;21(10):625.
    1. Ponikvar JB, Rus RR, Kenda RB, Bren AF, Ponikvar RR. Low‐flux versus high‐flux synthetic dialysis membrane in acute renal failure: prospective randomized study. Artificial Organs 2001;25(12):946‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Quellhorst 1979 {published data only}
    1. Quellhorst E. Hemofiltration ‐ differential indication for hemodialysis with reference to hemodynamic and metabolic aspects [Hamofiltration‐Differentialindikation zur hamodialyse unter berucksichtigung hamodynamischer und metabolischer aspekte]. Klinische Wochenschrift 1979;57(19):1061‐8. [EMBASE: 1980037798] - PubMed
Riegel 2001 {published data only}
    1. Riegel W, Ulrich C, Sauernheimer S, Deppisch RM, Kohler H. Hepatotoxic substance(s) removed by high‐flux membranes enhances the positive acute phase response. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 2001;78:S308‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Risler 1994 {published data only}
    1. Risler T, Braun N, Hanel KD, Kuhlmann U, Skroch D, Muller GA. Do different dialysis‐membranes affect beta 2‐microglobulin kinetics during chronic hemodialysis?. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1994;17(11):581‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ritz 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ritz E. Phosphate removal during dialysis ‐ Does the membrane matter?. Clinical Nephrology 1994;42(Suppl 1):S57‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Robles 1993 {published data only}
    1. Robles NR, Murga L, Galvan S, Esparrago JF, Sanchez‐Casado E. Hemodialysis with cuprophane or polysulfone: Effects on uremic polyneuropathy. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1993;21(3):282‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Robles 1995 {published data only}
    1. Robles NR, Gomez‐Ainsua C, Cruz A. Cellulose acetate and cuprophane for hemodialysis: Effects on protein catabolic rate. Nephron 1995;70(4):508‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ronco 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ronco C, Fox K, Curtin C, Heifetz A. Evaluation of beta‐2‐microglobulin (b2m) removal by high flux dialysis [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1995;6(3):500.
Sa 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sa HO, Freitas L, Alves V, Manuel R, Mario C. Annexin v‐affinity assay to study lymphocyte apoptosis during low and high‐flux hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 12):157.
Schaefer 1987 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer RM, Horl WH, Kokot K, Heidland A. Enhanced biocompatibility with a new cellulosic membrane: Cuprophan versus Hemophan. Blood Purification 1987;5(4):262‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schaefer 1993 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer RM, Fink E, Schaefer L, Barkhausen R, Kulzer P, Heidland A. Role of bradykinin in anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis with AN69 dialyzers. American Journal of Nephrology 1993;13(6):473‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schaefer 1994 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer RM, Kulzer P, Gilge U, Schaefer L, Heidland A. Clinical evaluation of the new, steam‐sterilized polysulfone high‐flux dialyzer. Clinical Nephrology 1994;42 Suppl 1:S21‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schauer 1991 {published data only}
    1. Schauer S, Stein G, Suss J, Falkenhagen D, Linss W. Phagocytosis activity of polymorphonuclear cells of normal persons and dialysis patients is influenced by different dialysis membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6 Suppl 3:35‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schiffl 2000 {published data only}
    1. Schiffl H, Fischer R, Lang SM, Mangel E. Clinical manifestations of AB‐amyloidosis: Effects of biocompatibility and flux. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(6):840‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schindler 2000 {published data only}
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Schindler 2003 {published data only}
    1. Schindler R, Christ‐Kohlrausch F, Frei U, Shaldon S. Differences in the permeability of high‐flux dialyzer membranes for bacterial pyrogens. Clinical Nephrology 2003;59(6):447‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schonermarck 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schonermarck U, Dengler C, Ebeling F, Heydenreich M, Hillebrand GF, Samtleben W. Comparative evaluation of oxidative and antioxidative capacity during high‐flux hemodialysis using two different membranes. Clinical Nephrology 2006;66(5):357‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Schouten 1997 {published data only}
    1. Schouten WE, Grooternan MP, et al. Intermittent induction of the acute phase response by clinical hemodialysis: the influence of dialyzer membranes [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(9):A175. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261424]
Schouten 2000 {published data only}
    1. Schouten WE, Grooteman MP, Houte AJ, Schoorl M, Limbeek J, Nube MJ. Effects of dialyser and dialysate on the acute phase reaction in clinical bicarbonate dialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(3):379‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schroder 2001 {published data only}
    1. Schroder M, Riedel E, Beck W, Deppisch RM, Pommer W. Increased reduction of dimethylarginines and lowered interdialytic blood pressure by the use of biocompatible membranes. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 2001;78:S19‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schultze 1987 {published data only}
    1. SchultzecG, Wagner K, Neumayer HH, Fitzner R, Molzahn M. Effect of dialyzer membranes on in vitro generation of eicosanoids. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1987;10(4):275‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schwalbe 1987 {published data only}
    1. Schwalbe S, Holzhauer M, Schaeffer J, Galanski M, Koch KM, Floege J. Beta 2‐microglobulin associated amyloidosis: a vanishing complication of long‐term hemodialysis?. Kidney International 1997;52(4):1077‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sevillano 1990 {published data only}
    1. Sevillano G, Rodriguez‐Puyol M, Martos R, Duque I, Lamas S, DiezMarques ML, et al. Cellulose acetate membrane improves some aspects of red blood cell function in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1990;5(7):497‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Singh NP, Bansal R, Thakur A, Kohli R, Bansal RC, Agarwal SK. Effect of membrane composition on cytokine production and clinical symptoms during hemodialysis: a crossover study. Renal Failure 2003;25(3):419‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sirolli 1999 {published data only}
    1. Sirolli V, Ballone E, Amoroso L, Liberato L, Mascio R, Capelli P, et al. Leukocyte adhesion molecules and leukocyte‐platelet interactions during hemodialysis: effects of different synthetic membranes. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1999;22(8):536‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sirolli 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sirolli V, Stante S, Stuard S, Liberato L, Amoroso L, Cappelli P, et al. Biocompatibility and functional performance of a polyethylene glycol acid‐grafted cellulosic membrane for hemodialysis. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2000;23(6):356‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sirolli 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sirolli V, Ballone E, Stante S, Amoroso L, Bonomini M. Cell activation and cellular‐cellular interactions during hemodialysis: effect of dialyzer membrane. International Journal Artificial Organs 2002;25(6):529‐37. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sklar 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sklar AH, Beezhoild DH, Newman N, Hendrickso T, Dreisbach AW. Postdialysis fatigue: Lack of effect of a biocompatible membrane. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1998;31(6):1007‐10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sklar 1999 {published data only}
    1. Sklar A, Newman N, Scott R, Semenyuk L, Schultz J, Fiacco V. Identification of factors responsible for postdialysis fatigue. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1999;34(3):464‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Skroeder 1990 {published data only}
    1. Skroeder NR, Jacobson SH, Lins L.E, Kjellstrand CM. Biocompatibility of dialysis membranes is of no importance for objective or subjective symptoms during or after hemodialysis. ASAIO Transactions 1990;36(3):M637‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sombolos 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sombolos K, Tsitamidou Z, Kyriazis G, Karagianni A, Kantaropoulou M, Progia E. Clinical evaluation of four different high‐flux hemodialyzers under conventional conditions in vivo. American Journal of Nephrology 1997;17(5):406‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Sreeharan N, Crow MJ, Salter MC. Membrane effect on platelet function during hemodialysis: a comparison of cuprophan and polycarbonate. Artificial Organs 1982;6(3):324‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Stegmayr 1992 {published data only}
    1. Stegmayr BG, Esbensen K, Gutierrez A, Lundberg L, Nielsen B, Stroemsaeter CE, et al. Granulocyte elastase, beta‐thromboglobulin, and C3d during acetate or bicarbonate hemodialysis with Hemophan compared to a cellulose acetate membrane. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1992;15(1):10‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stegmayr 1998 {published data only}
    1. Stegmayr BG, Hussain A. Serum Beta2‐ Microglobulin increases during HD with a hemophane but not with a cellulose diacetate dialyzer [abstract]. International Journal of Artifical Organs 1998;21(10):634. [CENTRAL: CN‐00322004]
Stegmayr 1999 {published data only}
    1. Stegmayr BG, Almroth G, Berlin G, Fehrman I, Kurkus J, Norda R, et al. Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in patients with rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. A Swedish multi‐center study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1999;22(2):81‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Stein 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stein G, Franke S, Mahiout A, Schneider S, Sperschneider H, Borst S, et al. Influence of dialysis modalities on serum AGE levels in end‐stage renal disease patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(5):999‐1008. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Stuard S, Bonomini M, Santarelli P, Carreno MP, Settefrati N, Tetta C, et al. Cell‐associated and soluble adhesion molecules during hemodialysis with synthetic membranes. Giornale Italiano Di Nefrologia 1996;13(3):175‐85. [EMBASE: 1996169305]
Sultan 1990 {published data only}
    1. Sultan Y, London GM, Goldfarb B, Toulon P, Marchais SJ. Activation of platelets, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients on long‐term haemodialysis: influence of cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1990;5(5):362‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Takenaka 2001a {published data only}
    1. Takenaka T, Itaya Y, Tsuchiya Y, Kobayashi K, Suzuki H. Fitness of biocompatible high‐flux hemodiafiltration for dialysis‐related amyloidosis. Blood Purification 2001;19(1):10‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Takenaka T, Kobayashi K, Suzuki H. Warning of high‐flux hemodialysis. Renal Failure 2001;23(6):819‐25. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Tayeb JS, Provenzano R, El‐Ghoroury M, Bellovich K, Khairullah Q, Pieper D, et al. Effect of biocompatibility of hemodialysis membranes on serum albumin levels. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2000;35(4):606‐10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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References to ongoing studies

NCT00004285 {published data only}
    1. NCT00004285. Phase II randomized study of standard vs high amount of hemodialysis using low vs high flux dialyzer membranes for end stage renal disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004285 (accessed 10 Nov 2012).

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References to other published versions of this review

Rabindranath 2004
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