Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD007146.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3.

Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Lesley D Gillespie  1 , M Clare Robertson, William J Gillespie, Catherine Sherrington, Simon Gates, Lindy M Clemson, Sarah E Lamb
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Lesley D Gillespie et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Approximately 30% of people over 65 years of age living in the community fall each year. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2009.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions designed to reduce the incidence of falls in older people living in the community.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (February 2012), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1946 to March 2012), EMBASE (1947 to March 2012), CINAHL (1982 to February 2012), and online trial registers.

Selection criteria: Randomised trials of interventions to reduce falls in community-dwelling older people.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We used a rate ratio (RaR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to compare the rate of falls (e.g. falls per person year) between intervention and control groups. For risk of falling, we used a risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI based on the number of people falling (fallers) in each group. We pooled data where appropriate.

Main results: We included 159 trials with 79,193 participants. Most trials compared a fall prevention intervention with no intervention or an intervention not expected to reduce falls. The most common interventions tested were exercise as a single intervention (59 trials) and multifactorial programmes (40 trials). Sixty-two per cent (99/159) of trials were at low risk of bias for sequence generation, 60% for attrition bias for falls (66/110), 73% for attrition bias for fallers (96/131), and only 38% (60/159) for allocation concealment.Multiple-component group exercise significantly reduced rate of falls (RaR 0.71, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82; 16 trials; 3622 participants) and risk of falling (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.96; 22 trials; 5333 participants), as did multiple-component home-based exercise (RaR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.80; seven trials; 951 participants and RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.94; six trials; 714 participants). For Tai Chi, the reduction in rate of falls bordered on statistical significance (RaR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.00; five trials; 1563 participants) but Tai Chi did significantly reduce risk of falling (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.87; six trials; 1625 participants).Multifactorial interventions, which include individual risk assessment, reduced rate of falls (RaR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.86; 19 trials; 9503 participants), but not risk of falling (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.02; 34 trials; 13,617 participants).Overall, vitamin D did not reduce rate of falls (RaR 1.00, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.11; seven trials; 9324 participants) or risk of falling (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.03; 13 trials; 26,747 participants), but may do so in people with lower vitamin D levels before treatment.Home safety assessment and modification interventions were effective in reducing rate of falls (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.97; six trials; 4208 participants) and risk of falling (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.96; seven trials; 4051 participants). These interventions were more effective in people at higher risk of falling, including those with severe visual impairment. Home safety interventions appear to be more effective when delivered by an occupational therapist.An intervention to treat vision problems (616 participants) resulted in a significant increase in the rate of falls (RaR 1.57, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.06) and risk of falling (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.91). When regular wearers of multifocal glasses (597 participants) were given single lens glasses, all falls and outside falls were significantly reduced in the subgroup that regularly took part in outside activities. Conversely, there was a significant increase in outside falls in intervention group participants who took part in little outside activity.Pacemakers reduced rate of falls in people with carotid sinus hypersensitivity (RaR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.93; three trials; 349 participants) but not risk of falling. First eye cataract surgery in women reduced rate of falls (RaR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.95; one trial; 306 participants), but second eye cataract surgery did not.Gradual withdrawal of psychotropic medication reduced rate of falls (RaR 0.34, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.73; one trial; 93 participants), but not risk of falling. A prescribing modification programme for primary care physicians significantly reduced risk of falling (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91; one trial; 659 participants).An anti-slip shoe device reduced rate of falls in icy conditions (RaR 0.42, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.78; one trial; 109 participants). One trial (305 participants) comparing multifaceted podiatry including foot and ankle exercises with standard podiatry in people with disabling foot pain significantly reduced the rate of falls (RaR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.91) but not the risk of falling.There is no evidence of effect for cognitive behavioural interventions on rate of falls (RaR 1.00, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.72; one trial; 120 participants) or risk of falling (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.54; two trials; 350 participants).Trials testing interventions to increase knowledge/educate about fall prevention alone did not significantly reduce the rate of falls (RaR 0.33, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.20; one trial; 45 participants) or risk of falling (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.03; four trials; 2555 participants).No conclusions can be drawn from the 47 trials reporting fall-related fractures.Thirteen trials provided a comprehensive economic evaluation. Three of these indicated cost savings for their interventions during the trial period: home-based exercise in over 80-year-olds, home safety assessment and modification in those with a previous fall, and one multifactorial programme targeting eight specific risk factors.

Authors' conclusions: Group and home-based exercise programmes, and home safety interventions reduce rate of falls and risk of falling.Multifactorial assessment and intervention programmes reduce rate of falls but not risk of falling; Tai Chi reduces risk of falling.Overall, vitamin D supplementation does not appear to reduce falls but may be effective in people who have lower vitamin D levels before treatment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Four review authors were investigators for 10 included studies: LM Clemson (Clemson 2004; Clemson 2010), WJ Gillespie (Carter 1997), MC Robertson (Campbell 1997; Campbell 1999c; Campbell 2005; Davis 2011a; Elley 2008; Robertson 2001a) and C Sherrington (Sherrington 2004). Investigators did not carry out 'Risk of bias' assessment on their own studies. No other conflicts are declared.

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors’ judgments about each methodological quality
item for each included study
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors’ judgments about each methodological quality item
presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Funnel plot of Analysis 5.2: vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control/placebo/calcium: number of fallers
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exercise vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exercise vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Exercise vs control, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Group exercise: multiple categories of exercise vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Group exercise: multiple categories of exercise vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Group exercise: Tai Chi vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Group exercise: Tai Chi vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Exercise vs exercise, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Exercise vs exercise, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Medication provision: vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control/placebo/calcium, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Medication provision: vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control/placebo/calcium, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Medication provision: vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control/placebo/calcium, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control: subgroup analysis by vitamin D level at baseline, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Vitamin D (with or without calcium) vs control: subgroup analysis by vitamin D level at baseline, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Medication provision: vitamin D 2000 IU/day vs vitamin D 800 IU/day, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Medication provision: vitamin D 2000 IU/day vs vitamin D 800 IU/day, Outcome 2: Number of people sustaining a fracture
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Medication provision: vitamin D analogue vs placebo, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Medication provision: vitamin D analogue vs placebo, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Medication provision: vitamin D analogue vs placebo, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Medication provision: vitamin D analogue vs placebo, Outcome 4: Number of people developing hypercalcaemia
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Medication provision: other medications vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Medication provision: other medications vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Medication provision: other medications vs control, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Medication withdrawal vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Medication withdrawal vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Surgery vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Surgery vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: Surgery vs control, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Fluid or nutrition therapy vs control, Outcome 1: Number of fallers
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Psychological interventions vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: Psychological interventions vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Environment/assistive technology interventions: home safety vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15: Environment/assistive technology interventions: home safety vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15: Environment/assistive technology interventions: home safety vs control, Outcome 3: Number of participants sustaining a fracture
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Home safety intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by risk of falling at baseline, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: Home safety intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by risk of falling at baseline, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: Home safety intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by delivery personnel, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: Home safety intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by delivery personnel, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Environment/assistive technology interventions: vision improvement vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18: Environment/assistive technology interventions: vision improvement vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18: Environment/assistive technology interventions: vision improvement vs control, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: Environment/assistive technology interventions: footwear modification vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19: Environment/assistive technology interventions: footwear modification vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Knowledge/education interventions vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Knowledge/education interventions vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: Multiple interventions, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: Multiple interventions, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21: Multiple interventions, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: Multifactorial intervention vs control, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22: Multifactorial intervention vs control, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22: Multifactorial intervention vs control, Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: Multifactorial intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23: Multifactorial intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by falls risk at baseline, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24: Multifactorial intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by intensity of intervention, Outcome 1: Rate of falls
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24: Multifactorial intervention vs control: subgroup analysis by intensity of intervention, Outcome 2: Number of fallers
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25: Multifactorial intervention (setting 1) vs multifactorial intervention (setting 2), Outcome 1: Rate of falls
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25: Multifactorial intervention (setting 1) vs multifactorial intervention (setting 2), Outcome 2: Number of fallers
25.3
25.3. Analysis
Comparison 25: Multifactorial intervention (setting 1) vs multifactorial intervention (setting 2), Outcome 3: Number of people sustaining a fracture
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Assantachai 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Assantachai P, Chatthanawaree W, Thamlikitkul V, Praditsuwan R, Pisalsarakij D. Strategy to prevent falls in the Thai elderly: a controlled study integrated health research program for the Thai elderly. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2002;85(2):215-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Assantachai P. personal communication June 11 2007.
Ballard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ballard JE, McFarland C, Wallace LS, Holiday DB, Roberson G. The effect of 15 weeks of exercise on balance, leg strength, and reduction in falls in 40 women aged 65 to 89 years. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 2004;59(4):255-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Barnett 2003 {published data only}
    1. Barnett A, Smith B, Lord SR, Williams M, Baumand A. Community-based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at-risk older people: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2003;32(4):407-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Beling 2009 {published data only}
    1. Beling J, Roller M. Multifactorial intervention with balance training as a core component among fall-prone older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2009;32(3):125-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Beyer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bulow J, Lorenzen T, Jensen DV, Larsen L, et al. Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2007;19(4):300-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bischoff‐Ferrari 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Additive benefit of higher testosterone levels and vitamin D plus calcium supplementation in regard to fall risk reduction among older men and women. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(9):1307-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Effect of cholecalciferol plus calcium on falling in ambulatory older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(4):424-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Effect of vitamin D3 plus calcium on fall risk in older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(Suppl 1):S57.
    1. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337(10):670-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bischoff‐Ferrari 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Platz A, Orav EJ, Stahelin HB, Willett WC, et al. Effect of high-dosage cholecalciferol and extended physiotherapy on complications after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(9):813-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00133640. Early rehabilitation after hip fracture. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00133640 (accessed 31 August 2011).
Blalock 2010 {published data only}
    1. Blalock SJ, Casteel C, Roth MT, Ferreri S, Demby KB, Shankar V. Impact of enhanced pharmacologic care on the prevention of falls: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 2010;8(5):428-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Casteel C, Blalock SJ, Ferreri S, Roth MT, Demby KB. Implementation of a community pharmacy-based falls prevention program. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 2011;9(5):310-9. - PubMed
    1. Ferreri S, Roth MT, Casteel C, Demby KB, Blalock SJ. Methodology of an ongoing, randomized controlled trial to prevent falls through enhanced pharmaceutical care. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 2008;6(2):61-81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00618800. Preventing falls through enhanced pharmaceutical care. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00618800 (accessed 23 February 2011).
Brown 2002 {published data only}
    1. Brown AI. Functional Adaptation to Exercise in Elderly Subjects [thesis] http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20030423.094914. Perth (Australia): Curtin Univ. of Technology, 2002 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Brown AP. Reducing falls in elderly people: a review of exercise interventions. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1999;15(2):59-68. [EMBASE: 1999232158]
    1. Piotrowski A, Cole J, Allison G. The influence of functional ability and physical and social intervention on falls in elderly subjects [abstract]. XVIth Congress of the International Association of Gerontology; 1997;Aug 19-23; Adelaide, Australia.
Buchner 1997a {published data only}
    1. Buchner DM, Cress ME, Lateur BJ, Esselman PC, Margherita AJ, Price R, et al. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk, and health services use in community-living older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1997;52(4):M218-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Buchner DM, Cress ME, Wagner EH, Lateur BJ, Price R, Abrass IB. The Seattle FICSIT/MoveIt study: the effect of exercise on gait and balance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41:321-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Buchner DM, Cress ME, Wagner EH, Lateur BJ. The role of exercise in fall prevention: Developing targeting criteria for exercise programs. In: Vellas B, Toupet M, Rubenstein L, Albarede JL, Christen Y, editors(s). Falls, balance and gait disorders in the elderly. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992:55-68.
Bunout 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bunout D, Barrera G, Avendano M, la Maza P, Gattas V, Leiva L, et al. Results of a community-based weight-bearing resistance training programme for healthy Chilean elderly subjects. Age and Ageing 2005;34(1):80-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bunout D. personal communication Feb 1 2005.
Campbell 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Buchner DM. Falls prevention over 2 years: a randomized controlled trial in women 80 years and older. Age and Ageing 1999;28:513-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Tilyard MW, Buchner DM. Randomised controlled trial of a general practice programme of home based exercise to prevent falls in elderly women. BMJ 1997;315:1065-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gardner M. Home-based exercises to prevent falls in elderly women. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 1998;26(3):6. [CINAHL: 1999044632]
    1. Gardner MM, Buchner DM, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ. Practical implementation of an exercise-based falls prevention programme. Age and Ageing 2001;30(1):77-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50:905-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Campbell 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Buchner DM. Psychotropic medication withdrawal and a home-based exercise program to prevent falls: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(7):850-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gardner MM, Buchner DM, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ. Practical implementation of an exercise-based falls prevention programme. Age and Ageing 2001;30(1):77-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50:905-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC. Development of a falls prevention programme for elderly people: evaluation of efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency [thesis]. Dunedin (NZ): Univ. of Otago, 2001.
Campbell 2005 {published data only}
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, Kerse NM, Sanderson GF, Jacobs RJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged > or =75 with severe visual impairment: the VIP trial. BMJ 2005;331(7520):817. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jacobs R, Campbell AJ, Robertson MC. Randomized controlled trial of falls prevention in people 75 years and older with severe visual impairment [abstract]. American Academy of Optometry Meeting 2005 Dec 8-12; San Diego (CA). [CENTRAL: CN-00634854]
    1. Kiata L, Kerse NM, Hughes WE, Hayman KJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, et al. Agreement and compliance with advice on removing mats or rugs by older people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 2008;102(3):167-72.
    1. La Grow SJ, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Clarke GA, Kerse NM. Reducing hazard related falls in people 75 years and older with significant visual impairment: how did a successful program work? Injury Prevention 2006;12(5):296-301. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Carpenter 1990 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter GI, Demopoulos GR. Screening the elderly in the community: controlled trial of dependency surveillance using a questionnaire administered by volunteers. BMJ 1990;300(6734):1253-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Carter 1997 {unpublished data only}
    1. Carter S, Campbell E, Sanson-Fisher R, Tiller K, Gillespie WJ. Trial data (as supplied 1997). Data on file.
Carter 2002 {published data only}
    1. Carter ND, Khan KM, McKay HA, Petit MA, Waterman C, Heinonen A, et al. Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65- to 75-year-old women with osteoporosis: Randomized controlled trial. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2002;167(9):997-1004. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Carter ND, Khan KM, Petit MA, Heinonen A, Waterman C, Donaldson MG, et al. Results of a 10 week community based strength and balance training programme to reduce fall risk factors: a randomised controlled trial in 65-75 year old women with osteoporosis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2001;35(5):348-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Cerny 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cerny K, Blanks R, Mohamed O, Schwab D, Robinson B, Russo A, Zizz C. The effect of a multidimensional exercise program on strength, range of motion, balance and gait in the well elderly [abstract]. Gait and Posture 1998;7(2):185-6.
    1. Cerny K. personal communication October 22 2002.
Ciaschini 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ciaschini PM, Straus SE, Dolovich LR, Goeree RA, Leung KM, Woods CR, et al. Community-based intervention to optimise falls risk management: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2009;38(6):724-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ciaschini PM, Straus SE, Dolovich LR, Goeree RA, Leung KM, Woods CR, et al. Community-based randomised controlled trial evaluating falls and osteoporosis risk management strategies. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2008;9:62. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00465387. FORCE (Falls, Fracture, and Osteoporosis Risk Control Evaluation) study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00465387 (accessed 31 August 2011).
Clemson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Clemson L, Cumming RG, Kendig H, Swann M, Heard R, Taylor K. The effectiveness of a community-based program for reducing the incidence of falls in the elderly: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(9):1487-94. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Clemson L, Taylor K, Kendig H, Cumming RG, Swann M. Recruiting older participants to a randomised trial of a community-based fall prevention program. Australasian Journal on Ageing 2007;26(1):35-9. [CINAHL: 2009512824]
    1. Clemson L. Stepping On, reducing falls and building confidence: a practical program that works [abstract]. In: Lord SR , editors(s). Falls prevention in older people: from research to practice. Proceedings of the 1st Australian falls prevention conference; 2004 Nov 21-23; Sydney (AU). Randwick, NSW, Australia: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, 2004:68.
    1. Swann M, Clemson L. Evaluating falls efficacy following a community based falls prevention program for older people [abstract]. In: Lord SR , editors(s). Falls prevention in older people: from research to practice. Proceedings of the 1st Australian falls prevention conference; 2004 Nov 21-23; Sydney (AU). Randwick, NSW, Australia: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, 2004:34.
Clemson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Clemson L, Singh MF, Bundy A, Cumming RG, Weissel E, Munro J, et al. LiFE Pilot Study: A randomised trial of balance and strength training embedded in daily life activity to reduce falls in older adults. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2010;57(1):42-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Close 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Close J, Ellis M, Hooper R, Glucksman E, Jackson S, Swift C. Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353(9147):93-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Close J, Hooper R, Glucksman E, Jackson S, Swift C. Predictors of falls in a high risk population - results from the prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET) [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(8):S79. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Close J. personal communication Dec 9 2008.
    1. Close JCT, Ellis M, Hooper R, Glucksman E, Jackson SHD, Swift CG. Predictors of falls - results from prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET) [abstract]. Age and Ageing 1999;28(Suppl 1):14.
    1. Close JCT, Ellis M, Jackson SHD, Glucksman E, Swift CG. Interdisciplinary assessment of elderly people presenting to A&E with a fall [abstract]. Age and Ageing 1998;27(Suppl 1):20.
Coleman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Coleman EA, Grothaus LC, Sandhu N, Wagner EH. Chronic care clinics: a randomized controlled trial of a new model of primary care for frail older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(7):775-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Comans 2010 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000056695. Domiciliary versus centre-based rehabilitation of older community dwellers: Randomised trial with economic evaluation. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=52 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Comans TA, Brauer S, Haines T. Domiciliary vs centre-based rehabilitation of older community dwellers: randomised trial with economic evaluation. Open Geriatric Medicine Journal 2008;1(6):62-7.
    1. Comans TA, Brauer SG, Haines TP. Randomized trial of domiciliary versus center-based rehabilitation: which is more effective in reducing falls and improving quality of life in older fallers? Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2010;65(6):672-9. - PubMed
    1. Comans TA, Currin ML, Brauer SG, Haines TP. Factors associated with quality of life and caregiver strain amongst frail older adults referred to a community rehabilitation service: implications for service delivery. Disability & Rehabilitation 2011;33(13-14):1215-21. - PubMed
Conroy 2010 {published data only}46584556
    1. Conroy S, Kendrick D, Harwood R, Gladman J, Coupland C, Sach T, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled trial of day hospital-based falls prevention programme for a screened population of community-dwelling older people at high risk of falls. Age and Ageing 2010;39(6):704-10. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Conroy S, Morris R, Masud T. Multifactorial day hospital intervention to reduce falls in high risk older people in primary care: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. ProFaNE (Prevention of Falls Network Europe) meeting; 2004 June 11-13; Manchester (UK). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Irvine L, Conroy SP, Sach T, Gladman JR, Harwood RH, Kendrick D, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a day hospital falls prevention programme for screened community-dwelling older people at high risk of falls. Age and Ageing 2010;39(6):710-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN46584556. Multifactorial day hospital intervention to reduce falls in high risk older people in primary care: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN46584556 (accessed 14 September 2011). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Masud T, Coupland C, Drummond A, Gladman J, Kendrick D, Sach T, et al. Multifactorial day hospital intervention to reduce falls in high risk older people in primary care: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN46584556]. Trials 2006;7:5-10. - PMC - PubMed
Cornillon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cornillon E, Blanchon MA, Ramboatsisetraina P, Braize C, Beauchet O, Dubost V, et al. Effectiveness of falls prevention strategies for elderly subjects who live in the community with performance assessment of physical activities (before-after) [Impact d'un programme de prevention multidisciplinaire de la chute chez le sujet age autonome vivant a domicile, avec analyse avant-apres des performances physiques]. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique 2002;45(9):493-504. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cumming 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cumming RG, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Frampton G, Salkeld G, Clemson L. Adherence to occupational therapist recommendations for home modifications for falls prevention. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001;55(6):641-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Cumming RG, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Salkeld G, O'Neill E, Westbury C, et al. Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: a randomized trial of falls prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(12):1397-1402. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salkeld G, Cumming RG, O'Neill E, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Westbury C. The cost effectiveness of a home hazard reduction program to reduce falls among older persons. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2000;24(3):265-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cumming 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cumming RG, Ivers R, Clemson L, Cullen J, Hayes MF, Tanzer M, et al. Improving vision to prevent falls in frail older people: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(2):175-81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dangour 2011 {published data only}48153354
    1. Dangour AD, Albala C, Aedo C, Elbourne D, Grundy E, Walker D, et al. A factorial-design cluster randomised controlled trial investigating the cost-effectiveness of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme on pneumonia incidence, walking capacity and body mass index in older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study protocol. Nutrition Journal 2007;6:14. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dangour AD, Albala C, Allen E, Grundy E, Walker DG, Aedo C, et al. Effect of a nutrition supplement and physical activity program on pneumonia and walking capacity in Chilean older people: a factorial cluster randomized trial. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science 2011;8(4):e1001023. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN48153354. Cost-effectiveness of nutritional supplementation and exercise programme among older people in Santiago, Chile. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN48153354 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Walker DG, Aedo C, Albala C, Allen E, Dangour AD, Elbourne D, et al. Methods for economic evaluation of a factorial-design cluster randomised controlled trial of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme among healthy older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:85. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dapp 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dapp U, Anders J, Renteln-Kruse W, Meier-Baumgartner HP. Active health promotion in old age: Methodology of a preventive intervention programme provided by an interdisciplinary health advisory team for independent older people. Journal of Public Health 2005;13(3):122-7. [EMBASE: 2005287059]
    1. Dapp U, Anders JA, Renteln-Kruse W, Minder CE, Meier-Baumgartner HP, Swift CG, et al. A randomized trial of effects of health risk appraisal combined with group sessions or home visits on preventive behaviors in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2011;66(5):591-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Dapp U. personal communication April 11 2011.
    1. Stuck AE, Kharicha K, Dapp U, Anders J, Renteln-Kruse W, Meier-Baumgartner HP, et al. The PRO-AGE study: an international randomised controlled study of health risk appraisal for older persons based in general practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007;7:2. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 2011a {published data only}
    1. Davis JC, Marra CA, Beattie BL, Robertson MC, Najafzadeh M, Graf P, et al. Sustained cognitive and economic benefits of resistance training among community-dwelling senior women: a 1-year follow-up study of the Brain Power study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(22):2036-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis JC, Marra CA, Liu-Ambrose TY. Falls-related self-efficacy is independently associated with quality-adjusted life years in older women. Age & Ageing 2011;40(3):340-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis JC, Marra CA, Robertson MC, Khan KM, Najafzadeh M, Ashe MC, et al. Economic evaluation of dose-response resistance training in older women: a cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(5):1355-66. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis JC, Marra CA, Robertson MC, Najafzadeh M, Liu-Ambrose T. Sustained economic benefits of resistance training in community-dwelling senior women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(7):1232-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu-Ambrose T, Davis JC, Nagamatsu LS, Hsu CL, Katarynych LA, Khan KM. Changes in executive functions and self-efficacy are independently associated with improved usual gait speed in older women. BMC Geriatrics 2010;10:25. - PMC - PubMed
Davison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Davison J, Bond J, Dawson P, Steen IN, Kenny RA. Patients with recurrent falls attending Accident & Emergency benefit from multifactorial intervention - a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2005;34(2):162-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Kenny R. Syncope and Falls in the Emergency Room (SAFER 2) - A multidisciplinary post-fall assessment and intervention strategy for elderly recurrent fallers attending casualty (RRCC53R). The Research Findings Register. Summary number 1174. www.ReFeR.nhs.uk/ViewRecord.asp?ID=1174 (accessed 24 August 2006).
    1. N0009027144. SAFER2 - Syncope and falls in the emergency room - an explanatory randomised controlled trial of a multidisciplinary post-fall assessment and intervention strategy in elderly recurrent fallers attending casualty. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0009027144]
    1. N0116069489. Can the incidence of falls in the elderly be reduced by a secondary falls prevention protocol. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0116069489]
    1. N0145036249. A post-fall intervention strategy after presentation to casualty. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0145036249]
Day 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Day L, Fildes B, Gordon I, Fitzharris M, Flamer H, Lord S. Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. BMJ 2002;325(7356):128-31. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fitzharris MP, Day L, Lord SR, Gordon I, Fildes B. The Whitehorse NoFalls trial: effects on fall rates and injurious fall rates. Age & Ageing 2010;39(6):728-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
De Vries 2010 {published data only}11546541
    1. De Vries OJ, Peeters GM, Elders PJ, Muller M, Knol DL, Danner SA, et al. Multifactorial intervention to reduce falls in older people at high risk of recurrent falls: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(13):1110-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN11546541. Prevention of fall incidents in patients with a high risk of falling; a multidisciplinary study on the effects of transmural health care compared to usual care. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN11546541 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Peeters GM, Vries OJ, Elders PJ, Pluijm SM, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of fall incidents in patients with a high risk of falling: design of a randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation of the effect of multidisciplinary transmural care. BMC Geriatrics 2007;7:15. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Peeters GM, Heymans MW, Vries OJ, Bouter LM, Lips P, Tulder MW. Multifactorial evaluation and treatment of persons with a high risk of recurrent falling was not cost-effective. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(7):2187-96. - PMC - PubMed
Dhesi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dhesi JK, Bearne L, Jackson SH, Moniz C, Hurley M, Swift CG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves the balance and functional performance of older people who fall [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(4 Suppl):S5.
    1. Dhesi JK, Jackson SH, Bearne LM, Moniz C, Hurley MV, Swift CG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age and Ageing 2004;33(6):589-95. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. N0116016083. A controlled intervention study of vitamin D supplementation on neuromuscular and psychomotor function in elderly people who fall. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0116016083]
Di Monaco 2008 {published data only}
    1. Di Monaco M, Vallero F, De Toma E, De Lauso L, Tappero R, Cavanna A. A single home visit by an occupational therapist reduces the risk of falling after hip fracture in elderly women: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40(6):446-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dukas 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bock O, Boerst H, Runge M, Beller G, Touby F, Tuerk J, et al. Effect of alfacalcidol on volumetric bone mineral density measured by pQCT in alendronate-treated postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: 1 year interim analysis of the ALFA study [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2007;22(Suppl 1):S215.
    1. Bock O, Boerst H, Runge M, Schacht E, Martus P, Felsenberg D. Effect of alfacalcidol on biochemical bone markers in alendronate-treated postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: 1 year interim analysis of the ALFA study [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006;21(Suppl 1):S306.
    1. Boerst H, Bock O, Runge M, Degner C, Stephan-Oelkers M, Umrath F, et al. Effects of alfacalcidol on bone markers and bone mineral density in alendronate-treated postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: one year interim analysis of the ALFA study [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(Suppl 1):S90-1.
    1. Dukas L, Bischoff HA, Lindpaintner LS, Schacht E, Birkner-Binder D, Damm TN, et al. Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers in a community-dwelling elderly population with a minimum calcium intake of more than 500 mg daily. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(2):230-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Dukas L, Bischoff HA, Lindpaintner LS, Schacht E, Birkner-Binder D, Thalmann B, et al. Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers and falls in community-dwelling elderly provided a mainimum total daily intake of 500mg calcium [abstract]. Calcified Tissue International 2003;72:371.
Elley 2008 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000054617. Falls Assessment Clinical Trial: randomised controlled trial of a multi-component intervention in primary health care to reduce falls amongst over 75 year old adults with a history of falling. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=85 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Elley CR, Robertson MC, Garrett S, Kerse NM, MacKinlay E, Lawton B, et al. Effectiveness of a falls-and-fracture nurse coordinator to reduce falls: a randomized, controlled trial of at-risk older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(8):1383-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Elley CR, Robertson MC, Kerse NM, Garrett S, McKinlay E, Lawton B, et al. Falls Assessment Clinical Trial (FACT): design, interventions, recruitment strategies and participant characteristics. BMC Public Health 2007;7:185. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fabacher 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fabacher D, Josephson K, Pietruszka F, Linderborn K, Morley JE, Rubenstein LZ. An in-home preventive assessment program for independent older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(6):630-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Faes 2011 {published data only}
    1. Faes MC, Reelick MF, Esselink RA, Rikkert MG. Developing and evaluating complex healthcare interventions in geriatrics: the use of the medical research council framework exemplified on a complex fall prevention intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(11):2212-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Faes MC, Reelick MF, Melis RJ, Borm GF, Esselink RA, Olde Rikkert MG. Multifactorial fall prevention for pairs of frail community-dwelling older fallers and their informal caregivers: a dead end for complex interventions in the frailest fallers. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2011;12(6):451-8. - PubMed
    1. NCT00512655. Trial to reduce falls incidence rate in frail elderly (CP). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00512655 (accessed 31 August 2011).
    1. Reelick MF, Faes MC, Esselink RA, Kessels RP, Olde Rikkert MG. How to perform a preplanned process evaluation for complex interventions in geriatric medicine: exemplified with the process evaluation of a complex falls-prevention program for community-dwelling frail older fallers. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2011;12(5):331-6. - PubMed
Fiatarone 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Doyle RN, Clements K. Efficacy of home-based resistance training in frail elders (Abstract 985). In: Andrews GR , editors(s). Abstracts of the 16th Congress of the International Association of Gerontology. Bedford Park, South Australia: World Congress of Gerontology Inc, 1997:323. [CENTRAL: CN-00405155]
Foss 2006 {published data only}
    1. Foss AJ, Harwood RH, Osborn F, Gregson RM, Zaman A, Masud T. Falls and health status in elderly women following second eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2006;35(1):66-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. N0192080923. Randomised controlled trial of second eye cataract extraction to prevent falls in elderly women. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0192080923]
    1. Sach TH, Foss AJ, Gregson RM, Zaman A, Osborn F, Masud T, et al. Second-eye cataract surgery in elderly women: a cost-utility analysis conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial. Eye 2010;24(2):276-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fox 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fox PJ, Vazquez L, Tonner C, Stevens JA, Fineman N, Ross LK. A randomized trial of a multifaceted intervention to reduce falls among community-dwelling adults. Health Education and Behavior 2010;37(6):831-48. - PubMed
Gallagher 1996 {published data only}
    1. Gallagher EM, Brunt H. Head over heels: impact of a health promotion program to reduce falls in the elderly. Canadian Journal on Aging 1996;15(1):84-96. [EMBASE 1996164172]
Gallagher 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gallagher JC, Fowler S. Effect of estrogen, calcitriol and a combination of estrogen and calcitriol on bone mineral density and fractures in elderly women [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999;14(Suppl 1):S209.
    1. Gallagher JC, Fowler SE, Detter JR, Sherman SS. Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86(8):3618-28. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gallagher JC, Haynatski G, Fowler S. Calcitriol therapy reduces falls and fractures in elderly women [abstract]. Calcified Tissue International 2003;72:334.
    1. Gallagher JC, Haynatzki G, Fowler S. Effect of estrogen, calcitriol or the combination of both on falls and non vertebral fractures in elderly women [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002;17(Suppl 1):S210.
    1. Gallagher JC, Rapuri P, Smith L. Falls are associated with decreased renal function and insufficient calcitriol production by the kidney. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007;103(3-5):610-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Gill 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gill DP, Zou GY, Jones GR, Speechley M. Injurious falls are associated with lower household but higher recreational physical activities in community-dwelling older male veterans. Gerontology 2008;54(2):106-15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Speechley M. Falls data (as supplied 03 June 2008). Data on file.
Grahn Kronhed 2009 {published data only}
    1. Grahn Kronhed AC, Hallberg I, Odkvist L, Moller M. Effect of training on health-related quality of life, pain and falls in osteoporotic women. Advances in Physiotherapy 2009;11(3):154-65. [EMBASE: 2009642277]
Grant 2005 {published and unpublished data}51647438
    1. Anderson FH, Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cooper C, Donaldson C, et al. The RECORD Trial: an evaluation of calcium and/or vitamin D in the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures [abstract]. Bone 2005;36(Suppl 2):S122-3.
    1. Francis RM, Grant AM, RECORD Trial Group. The RECORD trial: a randomised double-blind study of calcium and/or vitamin D in the secondary prevention of low trauma fractures [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2005;34(Suppl 2):ii16.
    1. Grant AM, Anderson FH, . The RECORD trial: an evaluation of calcium and/or vitamin D in the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(Suppl 3):S4-5.
    1. Grant AM, Anderson FH. The Medical Research Council RECORD Trial: an evaluation of calcium and/or vitamin D in the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2004;15(Suppl 2):S13.
    1. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9471):1621-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gray‐Donald 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gray-Donald K, Payette H, Boutier V. Randomized clinical trial of nutritional supplementation shows little effect on functional status among free-living frail elderly. Journal of Nutrition 1995;125(12):2965-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Greenspan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Combination therapy with hormone replacement and alendronate for prevention of bone loss in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289(19):2525-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. The effect of hormone replacement on physical performance in community-dwelling elderly women. American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(11):1232-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haines 2009 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000180415. Assessment and prevention of falls, functional decline and hospital re-admission in older adults post-hospitalisation. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=81910 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Haines TP, Russell T, Brauer SG, Erwin S, Lane P, Urry S, et al. Effectiveness of a video-based exercise programme to reduce falls and improve health-related quality of life among older adults discharged from hospital: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009;23(11):973-85. - PubMed
Haran 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haran MJ, Cameron ID, Ivers RQ, Simpson JM, Lee BB, Tanzer M, et al. Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c2265. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Haran MJ, Lord SR, Cameron ID, Ivers RQ, Simpson JM, Lee BB, et al. Preventing falls in older multifocal glasses wearers by providing single-lens distance glasses: the protocol for the VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2009;9:10. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00350389. VISIBLE study (Visual Intervention Strategy Incorporating Bifocal & Long-Distance Eyewear). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00350389 (accessed 31 August 2001).
Harari 2008 {published and unpublished data}28458424
    1. Harari D, Iliffe S, Kharicha K, Egger M, Gillmann G, Renteln-Kruse W, et al. Promotion of health in older people: a randomised controlled trial of health risk appraisal in British general practice. Age and Ageing 2008;37(5):565-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Iliffe S, Kharicha K, Harari D, Swift C, Gillmann G, Stuck AE. Health risk appraisal in older people 2: the implications for clinicians and commissioners of social isolation risk in older people. British Journal of General Practice 2007;57(537):277-82. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN28458424. Disability prevention in the older population: use of information technology for health risk appraisal and prevention of functional decline. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN28458424 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Kharicha K, Iliffe S, Harari D, Swift C, Gillmann G, Stuck AE. Health risk appraisal in older people 1: are older people living alone an "at-risk" group? British Journal of General Practice 2007;57(537):271-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stuck A. personal communication Oct 20 2010.
Harwood 2004 {published data only}
    1. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NoNOF) study. Age and Ageing 2004;33(1):45-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. The Nottingham Neck of Femur Study: the optimal role of vitamin D and calcium in elderly patients with established osteoporosis. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0192080773]
Harwood 2005 {published data only}
    1. 192080923. Randomised trial to assess the efficacy of expedited cataract extraction in the prevention of falls in elderly people awaiting cataract surgery. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: 192080923]
    1. Harwood RH, Foss A, Osborn F, Gregson R, Zaman A, Masud T. Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2005;34(Suppl 1):i21. - PubMed
    1. Harwood RH, Foss AJ, Osborn F, Gregson RM, Zaman A, Masud T. Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2005;89(1):53-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. N0497017851. Does expedited cataract extraction reduce the risk of falls in elderly people? - a randomised controlled trial. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0497017851]
    1. Sach TH, Foss AJ, Gregson RM, Zaman A, Osborn F, Masud T, et al. Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: an economic evaluation conducted alongside a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;91(12):1675-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hauer 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hauer K, Pfisterer M, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Two years later: A prospective long-term follow-up of a training intervention in geriatric patients with a history of severe falls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(10):1426-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hauer K, Rost B, Rutschle K, Opitz H, Specht N, Bartsch P, et al. Exercise training for rehabilitation and secondary prevention of falls in geriatric patients with a history of injurious falls. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(1):10-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hauer K, Specht N, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Intensive physical training in geriatric patients after severe falls and hip surgery. Age and Ageing 2002;31(1):49-57. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hauer K. personal communication October 6 2006.
    1. Oster P, Hauer K, Specht N, Rost B, Baertsch P, Schlierf G. Strength and coordination training for prevention of falls in the elderly [Kraft- und Koordinationstraining zur Sturzprävention im Alter]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 1997;30(4):289-92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Helbostad 2004 {published data only}
    1. Helbostad JL, Moe-Nilssen R, Sletvold O. Comparison of two types of exercise regimes on selected functional abilities for community-dwelling elderly at risk of falling [abstract]. XVI Conference of the International Society for Postural Gait Research; 2003 March 23-27; Sydney (Australia).
    1. Helbostad JL, Sletvold O, Moe-Nilssen R. Effects of home exercises and group training on functional abilities in home-dwelling older persons with mobility and balance problems. A randomized study. Aging - Clinical and Experimental Research 2004;16(2):113-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Helbostad JL, Sletvold O, Moe-Nilssen R. Home training with and without additional group training in physically frail old people living at home: effect on health-related quality of life and ambulation. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18(5):498-508. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hendriks 2008 {published data only}64716113
    1. Bleijlevens MH, Hendriks MR, Haastregt JC, Crebolder HF, Eijk JT. Lessons learned from a multidisciplinary fall-prevention programme: the occupational-therapy element. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2010;17(4):319-25. - PubMed
    1. Bleijlevens MH, Hendriks MR, Haastregt JC, Rossum E, Kempen, GI, et al. Process factors explaining the ineffectiveness of a multidisciplinary fall prevention programme: a process evaluation. BMC Public Health 2008;8:332. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hendriks MR, Bleijlevens MH, Van Haastregt JC, Crebolder HF, Diederiks JP, Evers SM, et al. Lack of effectiveness of a multidisciplinary fall-prevention program in elderly people at risk: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(8):1390–7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hendriks MR, Bleijlevens MH, Van Haastregt JC, De Bruijn FH, Diederiks JP, Mulder WJ, et al. A multidisciplinary fall prevention program for elderly persons: a feasibility study. Geriatric Nursing 2008;29(3):186-96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hendriks MR, Evers SM, Bleijlevens MH, Van Haastregt JC, Crebolder HF, Van Eijk JT. Cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary fall prevention program in community-dwelling elderly people: A randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN 64716113). International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2008;24(2):193-202. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hill 2000 {published data only}
    1. Crome P, Hill S, Mossman J, Stockdale P. A randomised controlled trial of a nurse led falls prevention clinic [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(8):S78.
    1. Crome P. personal communication August 29 2006.
    1. Hill S, Mossman J, Stockdale P, Crome P. A randomised controlled trial of a nurse-led falls prevention clinic [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 2):20.
Hogan 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hogan DB, MacDonald FA, Betts J, Bricker S, Ebly EM, Delarue B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a community-based consultation service to prevent falls. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2001;165(5):537-43. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hornbrook 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hornbrook MC, Stevens VJ, Wingfield DJ, Hollis JF, Greenlick MR, Ory MG. Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons: results from a randomized trial. Gerontologist 1994;34(1):16-23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hornbrook MC, Stevens VJ, Wingfield DJ. Seniors' program for injury control and education. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):309-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Stevens VJ, Hornbrook MC, Wingfield DJ, Hollis JF, Greenlick MR, Ory MG. Design and implementation of a falls prevention intervention for community-dwelling older persons. Behavior, Health, and Aging 1991/92;2(1):57-73.
Huang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Huang TT, Acton GJ. Effectiveness of home visit falls prevention strategy for Taiwanese community-dwelling elders: randomized trial. Public Health Nursing 2004;21(3):247-56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Huang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Huang TT, Liang SH. A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of a discharge planning intervention in hospitalized elders with hip fracture due to falling. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005;14(10):1193-201. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Huang 2010 {published data only}
    1. Huang HC, Liu CY, Huang YT, Kernohan WG. Community-based interventions to reduce falls among older adults in Taiwan - long time follow-up randomised controlled study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19(7-8):959-68. - PubMed
Huang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Huang TT, Wang WS. Comparison of three established measures of fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: psychometric testing. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2009;46(10):1313-9. - PubMed
    1. Huang TT, Yang LH, Liu CY. Reducing the fear of falling among community-dwelling elderly adults through cognitive-behavioural strategies and intense Tai Chi exercise: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2011;67(5):961-71. - PubMed
Iwamoto 2009 {published data only}
    1. Iwamoto J, Suzuki H, Tanaka K, Kumakubo T, Hirabayashi H, Miyazaki Y, et al. Preventative effect of exercise against falls in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(7):1233-40. - PubMed
Jitapunkul 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jitapunkul S. A randomised controlled trial of regular surveillance in Thai elderly using a simple questionnaire administered by non-professional personnel. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1998;81(5):352-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kamide 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kamide N, Shiba Y, Shibata H. Effects on balance, falls, and bone mineral density of a home-based exercise program without home visits in community-dwelling elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 2009;28(3):115-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kärkkäinen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kärkkäinen M, Tuppurainen M, Salovaara K, Sandini L, Rikkonen T, Sirola J, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in women aged 65-71 years: A 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Osteoporosis International 2010;21(12):2047-55. - PubMed
    1. Kärkkäinen M. Physical Capacity and Supplementation of Vitamin D and Calcium in Postmenopausal Women [thesis]. Kuopio: Univ. of Eastern Finland, 2011. Available from epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_isbn_978-952-61-0310-5/urn_isbn_978-952-61-....
    1. Kärkkäinen MK, Tuppurainen M, Salovaara K, Sandini L, Rikkonen T, Sirola J, et al. Does daily vitamin D 800 IU and calcium 1000 mg supplementation decrease the risk of falling in ambulatory women aged 65-71 years? A 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Maturitas 2010;65(4):359-65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salovaara K, Tuppurainen M, Kärkkäinen M, Rikkonen T, Sandini L, Sirola J, et al. Effect of vitamin D(3) and calcium on fracture risk in 65- to 71-year-old women: a population-based 3-year randomized, controlled trial--the OSTPRE-FPS. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 2010;25(7):1487-95. - PubMed
Kemmler 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kemmler W, Stengel S, Engelke K, Haberle L, Kalender WA. Exercise effects on bone mineral density, falls, coronary risk factors, and health care costs in older women: the randomized controlled senior fitness and prevention (SEFIP) study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(2):179-85. - PubMed
    1. Kemmler W, Stengel S, Engelke K, Haberle L, Mayhew JL, Kalender WA. Exercise, body composition, and functional ability: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;38(3):279-87. - PubMed
    1. Kemmler W, Stengel S, Engelke K, Kalender WA. Exercise decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome in elderly females. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2009;41(2):297-305. - PubMed
    1. NCT00267839. Effect of exercise on risk-factors of elderly women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00267839 (accessed 30 November 2011).
Kenny 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kenny RA, Richardson DA, Steen N, Bexton RS, Shaw FE, Bond J. Carotid sinus syndrome: a modifiable risk factor for nonaccidental falls in older adults (SAFE PACE). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;38(5):1491-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Kenny RA, Richardson DA. Carotid sinus syndrome and falls in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2001;10(2):97-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Kenny RA, Seifer CM. SAFE PACE - Syncope and falls in the elderly - pacing and carotid sinus evaluation: a randomised controlled trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 1999;8(2):87-90. - PubMed
    1. Richardson DA, Steen N, Bond J, Bexton R, Kenny RA. Cardiac pacing reduces falls in carotid sinus hypersensitivity [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 1):46.
Kingston 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kingston P, Jones M, Crome P. A RCT of health visitor (HV) intervention in falls [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2001;30(Suppl 1):40.
    1. Kingston P, Jones M, Lally F, Crome P. Older people and falls: A randomized controlled trial of a health visitor (HV) intervention. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 2001;11(3):209-14. [EMBASE: 2002061828]
    1. Kingston PA. Older people and 'falls' a randomised control trial of health visitor intervention [thesis]. Stoke-on-Trent (UK): Keele University, 1998.
    1. N0498009612. Elderly people and accidents: a prospective analysis of accidental causation among elderly populations and their post discharge requirements. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0498009612]
Korpelainen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Korpelainen R, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Heikkinen J, Vaananen K, Korpelainen J. Effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 2006;21(5):772-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Korpelainen R, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Heikkinen J, Vaananen K, Korpelainen J. Effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled 30-month intervention. Osteoporosis International 2006;17(1):109-18. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Korpelainen R, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Nieminen P, Heikkinen J, Vaananen K, Korpelainen J. Long-term outcomes of exercise: follow-up of a randomized trial in older women with osteopenia. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(17):1548-56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00655577. Exercise and prevention of hip fractures. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00655577 (accessed 31 August 2011).
Lannin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lannin NA, Clemson L, McCluskey A, Lin CW, Cameron ID, Barras S. Feasibility and results of a randomised pilot-study of pre-discharge occupational therapy home visits. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:42. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Latham 2003 {published data only}
    1. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett DA, Moseley A, Cameron ID. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: The Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:291-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 2005 {published data only}
    1. Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, McAuley E, Chaumeton N, Eckstrom E, et al. Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005;60(2):187-94. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, McAuley E. Tai Chi: improving functional balance and predicting subsequent falls in older persons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2004;36(12):2046-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lightbody 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lightbody E, Watkins C, Leathley M, Sharma A, Lye M. Evaluation of a nurse-led falls prevention programme versus usual care: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2002;31(3):203-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. N0500000414. Fallers attending casualty. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0500000414]
Lin 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lin MR, Wolf SL, Hwang HF, Gong SY, Chen CY. A randomized, controlled trial of fall prevention programs and quality of life in older fallers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(4):499-506. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu‐Ambrose 2004 {published data only}
    1. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, McKay HA. Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training: Increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities. Gerontology 2004;50(6):373-82. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, McKay HA. Strength or agility training significantly reduces fall risk compared to posture training in 75 to 85 year old women with low bone density: a six month RCT [abstract]. XVI th conference of the International Society for Postural and Gait Research; 2003 March 23-27;Sydney (Australia).
    1. Liu-Ambrose TY, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Gillies GL, Lord SR, McKay HA. The beneficial effects of group-based exercises on fall risk profile and physical activity persist 1 year postintervention in older women with low bone mass: follow-up after withdrawal of exercise. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(10):1767-73. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lui-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Janssen PA, Lord SR, McKay HA. Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(5):657-65. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Liu‐Ambrose 2008 {published data only}
    1. Davis J, Guy P, Liu-Ambrose T, Donaldson M, Robertson M, Khan K, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the Otago home-based strength and balance retraining in senior fallers [abstract]. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2009;13(Suppl 1):S436. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0095-9] - DOI
    1. Donaldson MG. Falls risk in frail seniors: clinical and methodological studies [thesis]. Vancouver (CA): Univ. of British Columbia, 2007.
    1. Liu-Ambrose T, Donaldson MG, Ahamed Y, Graf P, Cook WL, Close J, et al. Otago home-based strength and balance retraining improves executive functioning in older fallers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(10):1821-30. - PubMed
    1. NCT00323596. Trial of a home based strength and balance retraining program in reducing falls risk factors. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00323596 (accessed 31 August 2011).
Logan 2010 {published data only}10538608
    1. ISRCTN10538608. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of computerised on-scene decision support for emergency ambulance personnel to assess and plan appropriate care for older people who have fallen: a randomised controlled trial. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN10538608 (accessed 23 September 2011).
    1. Logan PA, Coupland CA, Gladman JR, Sahota O, Stoner-Hobbs V, Robertson K, et al. Community falls prevention for people who call an emergency ambulance after a fall: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c2102. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. N0171168738. An evaluation of the Primary Care falls prevention services for older fallers presenting to the ambulance service. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0171168738]
Logghe 2009 {published data only}98840266
    1. Logghe IH, Verhagen AP, Rademaker AC, Zeeuwe PE, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Rossum E, et al. Explaining the ineffectiveness of a Tai Chi fall prevention training for community-living older people: A process evaluation alongside a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2011;52(3):357-62. - PubMed
    1. Logghe IH, Zeeuwe PE, Verhagen AP, Wijnen-Sponselee RM, Willemsen SP, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. Lack of effect of Tai Chi Chuan in preventing falls in elderly people living at home: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(1):70-5. - PubMed
    1. Zeeuwe PE, Verhagen AP, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Van Rossum E, Faber MJ, Koes BW. The effect of Tai Chi Chuan in reducing falls among elderly people: design of a randomized clinical trial in the Netherlands [ISRCTN98840266]. BMC Geriatrics 2006;6:6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lord 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Strudwick M. The effect of a 12-month exercise trial on balance, strength, and falls in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43:1198-206. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Zivanovic E. The effects of a community exercise program on fracture risk factors in older women. Osteoporosis International 1996;6(5):361-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lord 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lord SR, Castell S, Corcoran J, Dayhew J, Matters B, Shan A, et al. The effect of group exercise on physical functioning and falls in frail older people living in retirement villages: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(12):1685-92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lord 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lord SR, Tiedemann A, Chapman K, Munro B, Murray SM, Gerontology M, et al. The effect of an individualized fall prevention program on fall risk and falls in older people: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(8):1296-304. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Luukinen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Luukinen H, Lehtola S, Jokelainen J, Vaananen-Sainio R, Lotvonen S, Koistinen P. Pragmatic exercise-oriented prevention of falls among the elderly: A population-based, randomized, controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2007;44(3):265-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Luukinen H, Lehtola S, Jokelainen J, Vaananen-Sainio R, Lotvonen S, Koistinen P. Prevention of disability by exercise among the elderly: a population-based, randomized, controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2006;24(4):199-205. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Madureira 2010 {published data only}
    1. Madureira MM, Bonfa E, Takayama L, Pereira RM. A 12-month randomized controlled trial of balance training in elderly women with osteoporosis: improvement of quality of life. Maturitas 2010;66(2):206-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Madureira MM, Pereira RMR. A 12-month randomized controlled trial of balance training in elderly women with osteoporosis: Improvement of quality of life and reduction of falls [abstract]. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009;60(10 Suppl):1496. [EMBASE: 70372871] - PubMed
    1. Madureira MM, Takayama L, Gallinaro AL, Caparbo VF, Costa RA, Pereira RM. Balance training program is highly effective in improving functional status and reducing the risk of falls in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(4):419-25. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Mahoney 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gleason CE, Gangnon RE, Fischer BL, Mahoney JE. Increased risk for falling associated with subtle cognitive impairment: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2009;27(6):557-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mahoney JE, Shea TA, Przybelski R, Jaros L, Gangnon R, Cech S, et al. Kenosha County falls prevention study: a randomized, controlled trial of an intermediate-intensity, community-based multifactorial falls intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(4):489-98. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Markle‐Reid 2010 {published data only}
    1. Markle-Reid M, Browne G, Gafni A, Roberts J, Weir R, Thabane L, et al. The effects and costs of a multifactorial and interdisciplinary team approach to falls prevention for older home care clients 'at risk' for falling: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Aging 2010;29(1):139-61. - PubMed
    1. Markle-Reid M, Miles M, Vaitonis V, Henderson S, Browne Weir R, et al. From Isolation to Integration: the Effects and Costs of a Multifactorial and Interdisciplinary Team Approach to Falls Prevention for Frail Older Home Care Clients. Final Research Report. Edmonton: Canadian Patient Safety Institute, 2008.
    1. NCT00463658. Interdisciplinary falls prevention for seniors. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00463658 (accessed 31 August 2011).
McKiernan 2005 {published data only}
    1. McKiernan FE. A simple gait-stabilizing device reduces outdoor falls and nonserious injurious falls in fall-prone older people during the winter. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(6):943-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McMurdo 1997 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo ME, Mole PA, Paterson CR. Controlled trial of weight bearing exercise in older women in relation to bone density and falls. BMJ 1997;314(7080):596. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
McMurdo 2009 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo ME, Price RJ, Shields M, Potter J, Stott DJ. Should oral nutritional supplementation be given to undernourished older people upon hospital discharge? A controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(12):2239-45. - PubMed
Means 2005 {published data only}
    1. Means KM, Rodell DE, O'Sullivan PS. Balance, mobility, and falls among community-dwelling elderly persons: effects of a rehabilitation exercise program. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;84(4):238-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Meredith 2002 {published data only}
    1. Meredith S, Feldman P, Frey D, Giammarco L, Hall K, Arnold K, et al. Improving medication use in newly admitted home healthcare patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(9):1484-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Morgan 2004 {published data only}
    1. DeVito CA, Morgan RO, Duque M, Abdel-Moty E, Virnig BA. Physical performance effects of low-intensity exercise among clinically defined high-risk elders. Gerontology 2003;49(3):146-54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Morgan RO, Virnig BA, Duque M, Abdel-Moty E, DeVito CA. Low-intensity exercise and reduction of the risk for falls among at-risk elders. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004;59(10):1062-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00013078. Safe-Grip fall/injuries intervention: a randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00013078 (accessed 2 September 2011).
Newbury 2001 {published data only}
    1. Newbury J, Marley J. Preventive home visits to elderly people in the community. Visits are most useful for people aged >75 [letter]. BMJ 2000;321(7529):512. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Newbury JW, Marley JE, Beilby J. A randomised controlled trial of the outcome of health assessment of people aged 75 years and over. Medical Journal of Australia 2001;175(2):104-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nikolaus 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nikolaus T, Bach M. Preventing falls in community-dwelling frail older people using a home intervention team (HIT): Results from the randomized falls-HIT trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):300-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nikolaus T, Specht-Leible N, Bach M, Wittmann-Jennewein C, Oster P, Schlierf G. Effectiveness of hospital-based geriatric evaluation and management and home intervention team (GEM-HIT). Rationale and design of a 5-year randomized trial. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 1995;28(1):47-53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nitz 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nitz JC, Choy NL. The efficacy of a specific balance-strategy training programme for preventing falls among older people: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2004;33(1):52-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nitz JC. personal communication May 6 2005.
Pardessus 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pardessus V, Puisieux F, Di P, Gaudefroy C, Thevenon A, Dewailly P. Benefits of home visits for falls and autonomy in the elderly: A randomized trial study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002;81(4):247-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Parry 2009 {published data only}
    1. Parry SW, Steen N, Bexton RS, Tynan M, Kenny RA. Pacing in elderly recurrent fallers with carotid sinus hypersensitivity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover trial. Heart 2009;95(5):405-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pereira 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kriska AM, Bayles C, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Sandler RB, Pambianco G. A randomized exercise trial in older women: increased activity over two years and the factors associated with compliance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1986;18(5):557-62. [EMBASE: 1987035259] - PubMed
    1. Pereira MA, Kriska AM, Day RD, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Kuller LH. A randomized walking trial in postmenopausal women: effects on physical activity and health 10 years later. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158(15):1695-701. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pereira MA. Ten year follow-up of a randomized exercise trial in post-menopausal women [thesis]. Pittsburgh (USA): Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1996. [Proquest Digital Dissertations Publication Number AAT 97 16627]
Perry 2008 {published data only}
    1. Perry SD, Radtke A, McIlroy WE, Fernie GR, Maki BE. Efficacy and effectiveness of a balance-enhancing insole. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2008;63(6):595-602. - PubMed
Pfeifer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Minne HW, Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces falls in elderly women via improvement of body sway and normalisation of blood pressure; a prospective, randomised, and double-blind study [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2000;11(Suppl 2):S115.
    1. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Abrams C, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(6):1113-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Prevention of falls-related fractures: vitamin D reduces body sway in the elderly - a prospective, randomized, double blind study [abstract]. Bone 1998;23(5 Suppl 1):1110.
Pfeifer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Minne HW, Dobnig H, Pfeifer M, Suppan K. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function: a prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2006;17(Suppl 2):S212. - PubMed
    1. Minne HW, Dobnig H, Pfeifer M, Suppan K. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle-function - a prospective, randomized, double-blind multi-center study [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2006;17(Suppl 1):S21. - PubMed
    1. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Suppan K, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dobnig H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(2):315-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pfeifer M, Dobnig H, Begerow B, Suppan K. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function: a prospective randomized, double-blind multi-centre study [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(Suppl 1):S58.
    1. Pfeifer M, Dobnig H, Minne HW, Suppan K. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function - a prospective, randomized, double-blind multi-center study [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(Suppl 3):S45. - PubMed
Pighills 2011 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN07575807. Reducing home hazards to prevent falls in older people. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN07575807 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Pighills A, Torgerson DJ, Sheldon T. Publicity does not increase recruitment to falls prevention trials: the results of two quasi-randomized trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(12):1332-5. - PubMed
    1. Pighills AC, Torgerson DJ, Sheldon TA, Drummond AE, Bland JM. Environmental assessment and modification to prevent falls in older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(1):26-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pit 2007 {published data only}
    1. Pit SW, Byles JE, Henry DA, Holt L, Hansen V, Bowman DA. A Quality Use of Medicines program for general practitioners and older people: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2007;187(1):23-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Porthouse 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cochayne S. personal communication August 16 2005.
    1. Porthouse J, Cochayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, et al. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ 2005;330(7498):1003. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and vitamin D supplementation for fracture prevention in primary care [abstract]. Osteoporosis.International. 2005;16(Suppl 3):S27. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and vitamin D supplementation for fracture prevention in primary care [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2004;15(Suppl 2):S13.
    1. Puffer S. Calcium and vitamin D in primary care. Compliance results from a randomised controlled trial [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2003;14(Suppl 4):S8.
Prince 2008 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12606000331538. Effects of vitamin D and calcium on bone and falls in an elderly population of Australian women selected for their history of falling. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=1486 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Prince RL, Austin N, Devine A, Dick IM, Bruce D, Zhu K. Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(1):103-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ralston 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ralston SH, Binkley N, Boonen S, Kiel DP, Reginster J-Y, Roux C, et al. Randomized trial of alendronate plus vitamin D3 versus standard care in osteoporotic postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency. Calcified Tissue International 2011;88(6):485-94. - PubMed
Reid 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Horne AM, Mason BH, Ames RW, Wang TK, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(1):82-9. - PubMed
    1. Bolland MJ, Barber PA, Doughty RN, Mason B, Horne A, Ames R, et al. Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;336(7638):262-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reid IR, Bolland MJ. Calcium supplementation and vascular disease. Climacteric 2008;11(4):280-6. - PubMed
    1. Reid IR, Mason B, Horne A, Ames R, Reid HE, Bava U, et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium in healthy older women. American Journal of Medicine 2006;119(9):777-85. - PubMed
Reinsch 1992 {published data only}
    1. El-Faizy M, Reinsch S. Home safety intervention for the prevention of falls. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1994;12(3):33-49. [EMBASE: 1994365778]
    1. MacRae PG, Feltner ME, Reinsch S. A 1-year exercise program for older women: effects on falls, injuries, and physical performance. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1994;2:127-42.
    1. Reinsch S, MacRae P, Lachenbruch PA, Tobis JS. Attempts to prevent falls and injury: a prospective community study. Gerontologist 1992;32:450-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tobis J, Reinsch S, McRae P, Lachenbruch T. Experimental intervention at senior centres for the prevention of falls [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990;38(8):A28.
Resnick 2002 {published data only}
    1. Resnick B. Testing the effect of the WALC intervention on exercise adherence in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2002;28(6):40-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Robertson 2001a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gardner MM, Buchner DM, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ. Practical implementation of an exercise-based falls prevention programme. Age and Ageing 2001;30(1):77-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(5):905-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC, Devlin N, Gardner MM, Campbell AJ. Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 1: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001;322(7288):697-701. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC. Development of a falls prevention programme for elderly people: evaluation of efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency [thesis]. Dunedin (NZ): Univ. of Otago, 2001.
Robson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Robson E, Edwards J, Gallagher E, Baker D. Steady as you go (SAYGO): A falls-prevention program for seniors living in the community. Canadian Journal on Aging 2003;22(2):207-16. [EMBASE: 2003344777]
Rubenstein 2000 {published data only}
    1. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR , Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, et al. Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly men. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(6):M317-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rubenstein 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Alessi C. personal communication June 10 2007.
    1. Josephson K. personal communication November 20 2007.
    1. Rubenstein LZ, Alessi CA, Josephson KR, Trinidad Hoyl M, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM. A randomized trial of a screening, case finding, and referral system for older veterans in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(2):166-74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Russell 2010 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000672651. A randomised controlled trial to reduce further falls and injuries for older fallers presenting to an Emergency Department. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=849 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Hill K, Womer M, Russell M, Blackberry I, McGann A. Fear of falling in older fallers presenting at emergency departments. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2010;66(8):1769-79. - PubMed
    1. NCT00217360. RCT to reduce further falls and injuries for older fallers presenting to an Emergency Department. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00217360 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Russell MA, Hill KD, Day LM, Blackberry I, Schwartz J, Giummarra MJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a multifactorial falls prevention intervention for older fallers presenting to Emergency Departments. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58:2265–74. - PubMed
Ryan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ryan JW, Spellbring AM. Implementing strategies to decrease risk of falls in older women. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 1996;22(12):25-31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ryan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kenny RA, Seifer C. SAFE PACE 2: Syncope and falls in the elderly pacing and carotid sinus evaluation: A randomized control trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 1999;8(2):87. [EMBASE: 1999111785] - PubMed
    1. Kenny RA. SAFE PACE 2: Syncope and falls in the elderly - Pacing and carotid sinus evaluation - A randomized controlled trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Europace 1999;1(1):69-72. [PMID: 11220545 ] - PubMed
    1. M0021042314. Syncope and falls in the elderly - Pacing and carotid sinus evaluation: a randomised control trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: M0021042314]
    1. N0123090677. SAFE PACE 2 - Syncope and falls in the elderly - pacing and carotid sinus evaluation: a randomised control trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0123090677 ]
    1. N0183041329. SAFE PACE 2 trial R&D ref 99/66 Syncope and falls in the elderly - pacing and carotid sinus evaluation randomised control trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. National Research register (NRR) archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0183041329]
Salminen 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kivela S-L, Aarnio P, Asikainen E, Hyttinen H, Isoaho R, Karra E, et al. Prevention of injurious falls and fractures in ageing and aged population [abstract]. ProFaNE (Prevention of Falls Network Europe) meeting; 2004 June 11-13; Manchester (UK).
    1. NCT00247546. Prevention of falls and injurious falls among elderly people. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00247546 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Kivela SL. The long-term effect of a multifactorial fall prevention programme on the incidence of falls requiring medical treatment. Public Health 2009;123(12):809-13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Sihvonen S, Piirtola M, Isoaho R, Aarnio P, et al. Effects of risk-based multifactorial fall prevention program on maximal isometric muscle strength in community-dwelling aged: a randomized controlled trial. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2008;20(5):487-93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Sihvonen S, Sjosten N, Piirtola M, Isoaho R, et al. Effects of risk-based multifactorial fall prevention on postural balance in the community-dwelling aged: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2009;48(1):22-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sanders 2010 {published data only}83409867
    1. ACTRN12605000658617. Vitamin D intervention to prevent falls and fractures and to promote mental well-being. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=767 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Sanders K, Stuart A, Williamson E, Simpson J, Kotowicz M, Nicholson G. The efficacy of high-dose oral vitamin D3 administered once a year: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (vital D study) for falls and fractures in older women [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2011;22:S104-5.
    1. Sanders K. personal communication November 29 2007.
    1. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Kotowicz MA, Nicholson GC. Annual feedback is an effective tool for a sustained increase in calcium intake among older women. Nutrients. 2010;2(9):1018-25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Merriman EN, Read ML, Kotowicz MA, Young D, et al. Trials and tribulations of recruiting 2,000 older women onto a clinical trial investigating falls and fractures: Vital D study. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009;9:78. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sato 2005a (Retracted) {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Kanoko T, Satoh K, Iwamoto J. Menatetrenone and vitamin D2 with calcium supplements prevent nonvertebral fracture in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease. Bone 2005;36(1):61-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Sato Y, Kanoko T, Satoh K, Iwamoto J. RETRACTED: Menatetrenone and vitamin D2 with calcium supplements prevent nonvertebral fracture in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease. Bone 2018;106:213. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schrijnemaekers 1995 {published data only}
    1. Schrijnemaekers VJ, Haveman MJ. Effects of preventive outpatient geriatric assessment: short-term results of a randomized controlled study. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 1995;15(2):81-97. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sherrington 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sherrington C, Lord SR, Herbert RD. A randomised controlled trial of weight-bearing versus non-weight-bearing exercise for improving physical ability after hip fracture and completion of usual care [abstract]. XVI th conference of the International Society for Postural and Gait Research; 2003 March 23-27;Sydney (Australia).
    1. Sherrington C, Lord SR, Herbert RD. A randomised trial of weight-bearing versus non-weight-bearing exercise for improving physical ability in inpatients after hip fracture. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2003;49(1):15-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Sherrington C, Lord SR, Herbert RD. A randomized controlled trial of weight-bearing versus non-weight-bearing exercise for improving physical ability after usual care for hip fracture. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85(5):710-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Sherrington C. Personal communication October 30 2004.
    1. Sherrington C. The effects of exercise on physical ability following fall-related hip fracture [thesis]. Sydney (Australia): Univ. of New South Wales, 2001.
Shigematsu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu R, Okura T, Nakagaichi M, Tanaka K, Sakai T, Kitazumi S, et al. Square-stepping exercise and fall risk factors in older adults: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2008;63(1):76-82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Shigematsu R, Okura T, Sakai T, Rantanen T. Square-stepping exercise versus strength and balance training for fall risk factors. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2008;20(1):19-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shumway‐Cook 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shumway-Cook A, Silver I, Mary L, York S, Cummings P, Koepsell T. The effectiveness of a community-based multifactorial intervention on falls and fall risk factors in community living older adults: a randomized, controlled trial... CSM 2007 [abstract]. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2006;29(3):117. - PubMed
    1. Shumway-Cook A, Silver IF, LeMier M, York S, Cummings P, Koepsell TD. Effectiveness of a community-based multifactorial intervention on falls and fall risk factors in community-living older adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2007;62(12):1420-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shyu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shyu YI, Liang J, Wu CC, Cheng HS, Chen MC. An interdisciplinary intervention for older Taiwanese patients after surgery for hip fracture improves health-related quality of life. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:225. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shyu YI, Liang J, Wu CC, Su JY, Cheng HS, Chou SW, et al. Interdisciplinary intervention for hip fracture in older Taiwanese: benefits last for 1 year. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2008;63(1):92-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Shyu YI, Liang J, Wu CC, Su JY, Cheng HS, Chou SW, et al. Two-year effects of interdisciplinary intervention for hip fracture in older Taiwanese. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(6):1081-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Skelton 2005 {published data only}
    1. Skelton D, Dinan S, Campbell M, Rutherford O. Tailored group exercise (Falls Management Exercise -- FaME) reduces falls in community-dwelling older frequent fallers (an RCT). Age and Ageing 2005;34(6):636-9. [EMBASE: 2005539610] - PubMed
    1. Skelton D. personal communication February 1 2005.
    1. Skelton DA, Dinan SM, Campbell M, Rutherford OM. FaME (Falls Management Exercise): An RCT on the effects of a 9-month group exercise programme in frequently falling community dwelling women aged 65 and over [abstract]. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2004;12(3):457-8.
    1. Skelton DA, Dinan SM. Exercise for falls management: Rationale for an exercise programme aimed at reducing postural instability. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1999;15(2):105-20. [EMBASE: 1999232161]
    1. Skelton DA, Stranzinger K, Dinan S, Rutherford OM. BMD improvements following FaME (Falls Management Exercise) in frequently falling women age 65 and over: an RCT... 7th World Congress on Aging and Physical Activity [abstract]. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2008;16 Suppl:S89-90.
Smith 2007 {published data only}
    1. Anderson FH, Smith HE, Raphael HM, Cooper C. Intramuscular vitamin D increased serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol but did not affect 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol levels in healthy older adults [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(Suppl 1):S315.
    1. Anderson FH, Smith HE, Raphael HM, Crozier SR, Cooper C. Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D3 supplementation on fracture risk in 9440 community-living older people: the Wessex fracture prevention trial [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(Suppl 1):S57.
    1. Arden NK, Crozier S, Smith H, Anderson F, Edwards C, Raphael H, et al. Knee pain, knee osteoarthritis, and the risk of fracture. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2006;55(4):610-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. N0108081272. Primary prevention of fractures in the elderly: evaluating the effectiveness of annual vitamin D supplementation linked with primary care in influenza immunisation. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0108081272]
    1. N0187062321. Wessex fracture prevention study. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0187062321]
Smulders 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT00432692. Falls prevention in osteoporosis. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00432692 (accessed 31 August 2011).
    1. Smulders E, Weerdesteyn V, Duysens J, Laan R, Lankveld W. Falls prevention in persons with osteoporosis: A randomized clinical trial [abstract]. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009;60(10 Suppl):1883. [EMBASE: 70373615]
    1. Smulders E, Weerdesteyn V, Groen BE, Duysens J, Eijsbouts A, Laan R, et al. Efficacy of a short multidisciplinary falls prevention program for elderly persons with osteoporosis and a fall history: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;91:1705-11. - PubMed
Spice 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. George S, Spice C, Morotti W, Rose J, Harris S, Gordon C. The Winchester Falls Project: a cluster randomised community intervention trial of secondary prevention of falls in community dwelling older people [abstract]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2006;60(Suppl 1):A17.
    1. N0278078805. The Winchester Falls Project: A randomised controlled trial of multidisciplinary assessment in the secondary prevention of falls. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0278078805]
    1. NCT00130624. The Winchester Falls Project: A cluster randomised community intervention trial of secondary prevention of falls in community-dwelling older people. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00130624 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Spice C, Morotti W, Dent T, George S, Rose J, Gordon C. The Winchester Falls Project: A randomised controlled trial of secondary falls prevention [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2005;34(Suppl 2):ii18. - PubMed
    1. Spice C, Morotti W, George S, Dent T, Rose J, Harris S, et al. The Winchester falls project: a randomised controlled trial of secondary prevention of falls in older people. Age and Ageing 2009;38(1):33-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Spink 2011 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12608000065392. Podiatry treatment to improve balance and prevent falls in older people. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=82558 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Spink MJ, Fotoohabadi MR, Wee E, Landorf KB, Hill KD, Lord SR, et al. Predictors of adherence to a multifaceted podiatry intervention for the prevention of falls in older people. BMC Geriatrics 2011;11:51. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spink MJ, Menz HB, Fotoohabadi MR, Wee E, Landorf KB, Hill KD, et al. Effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention to prevent falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011;342:d3411. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spink MJ, Menz HB, Lord SR. Efficacy of a multifaceted podiatry intervention to improve balance and prevent falls in older people: study protocol for a randomised trial. BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:30. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Steadman 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kalra L. personal communication March 27 2006.
    1. Steadman J, Donaldson N, Kalra L. A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(6):847-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Steinberg 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Peel N, Cartwright C, Steinberg M. Monitoring slips, trips and falls in the older community: preliminary results. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 1998;8(2):148-50.
    1. Peel N, Steinberg M, Williams G. Home safety assessment in the prevention of falls among older people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2000;24(5):536-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Peel N. personal communication October 10 2007.
    1. Steinberg M, Cartwright C, Peel N, Williams G. A sustainable programme to prevent falls and near falls in community dwelling older people: results of a randomised trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2000;54(3):227-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Stevens 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stevens M, Holman CD, Bennett N, De Klerk N. Preventing falls in older people: Outcome evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(11):1448-55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Stevens M, Holman CD, Bennett N. Preventing falls in older people: Impact of an intervention to reduce environmental hazards in the home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(11):1442-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Suman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Suman S, Myint PK, Clark A, Das P, Ring L, Trepte NJ. Community-based fall assessment compared with hospital-based assessment in community-dwelling older people over 65 at high risk of falling: a randomized study. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2011;23(1):35-41. - PubMed
Suzuki 2004 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki T, Kim H, Yoshida H, Ishizaki T. Randomized controlled trial of exercise intervention for the prevention of falls in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2004;22(6):602-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Swanenburg 2007 {published data only}
    1. Swanenburg J, De Bruin ED, Stauffacher M, Mulder T, Uebelhart D. Effects of exercise and nutrition on postural balance and risk of falling in elderly people with decreased bone mineral density: randomized controlled trial pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(6):523-34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tinetti 1994 {published data only}
    1. King MB, Tinetti ME. A multifactorial approach to reducing injurious falls. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 1996;12(4):745-59. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Koch M, Gottschalk M, Baker DI, Palumbo S, Tinetti ME. An impairment and disability assessment and treatment protocol for community-living elderly persons. Physical Therapy 1994;74:286-94; discussion 295-8. - PubMed
    1. Rizzo JA, Baker DI, McAvay G, Tinetti ME. The cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial targeted prevention program for falls among community elderly persons. Medical Care 1996;34(9):954-69. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tinetti ME, Baker DI, Garrett PA, Gottschalk M, Koch ML, Horwitz RI. Yale FICSIT: risk factor abatement strategy for fall prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41:315-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G, Claus EB, Garrett P, Gottschalk M, et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331(13):821-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Trivedi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Tee Khaw K. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7387):469-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Trombetti 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT01107288. Effects of a music-based multitask exercises program on gait, balance and fall risk in the elderly. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01107288 (accessed 31 August 2011).
    1. Trombetti A, Hars M, Herrmann F, Kressig R, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. "Jaques-Dalcroze eurhythmics" improves gait and prevents falls in the elderly [Prevention des chutes par une methode d'exercice en musique (rythmique Jaques-Dalcroze)]. Revue Medicale Suisse 2011;7(299):1305-8. - PubMed
    1. Trombetti A, Hars M, Herrmann F, Kressig R, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. A randomized controlled trial of music-based multitask training on gait, balance and fall risk. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(Suppl 1):S119. - PubMed
    1. Trombetti A, Hars M, Herrmann FR, Kressig RW, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. Effect of music-based multitask training on gait, balance, and fall risk in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(6):525-33. - PubMed
Van Haastregt 2000 {published data only}
    1. Van Haastregt JC, Diederiks JP, Van Rossum E, De Witte LP, Voorhoeve PM, Crebolder HF. Effects of a programme of multifactorial home visits on falls and mobility impairments in elderly people at risk: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000;321(7267):994-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Van Haastregt JC, Van Rossum E, Diederiks JP, De Witte LP, Voorhoeve PM, Crebolder HF. Process-evaluation of a home visit programme to prevent falls and mobility impairments among elderly people at risk. Patient Education and Counseling 2002;47(4):301-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Van Haastregt JC, Van Rossum E, Diederiks JP, Voorhoeve PM, De Witte LP, Crebolder HF. Preventing falls and mobility problems in community-dwelling elders: the process of creating a new intervention. Geriatric Nursing 2000;21(6):309-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Van Rossum 1993 {published data only}
    1. Van Rossum E, Frederiks CM, Philipsen H, Portengen K, Wiskerke J, Knipschild P. Effects of preventive home visits to elderly people. BMJ 1993;307(6895):27-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Vellas 1991 {published data only}
    1. Vellas B, Albarede JL. A randomized clinical trial on the value of raubasine-dihydroergocristine (Iskedyl(TM)) in the prevention of post fall syndrome [Effet de l'association raubasine-dihydroergocristine (Iskedyl(TM)) sur le syndrome post-chute et sur la prevention de la chute chez le sujet age]. Psychologie Medicale 1991;23(7):831-9. [EMBASE 1991275391]
Vetter 1992 {published data only}
    1. Vetter NJ, Lewis PA, Ford D. Can health visitors prevent fractures in elderly people? BMJ 1992;304(6831):888-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Vind 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00226486. Examination and treatment of elderly after a fall. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00226486 (accessed 31 August 2011).
    1. Vind AB, Andersen HE, Pedersen KD, Joergensen T, Schwarz P. Effect of a program of multifactorial fall prevention on health-related quality of life, functional ability, fear of falling and psychological well-being. A randomized controlled trial. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2010;22(3):249-54. - PubMed
    1. Vind AB, Andersen HE, Pedersen KD, Jorgensen T, Schwarz P. An outpatient multifactorial falls prevention intervention does not reduce falls in high-risk elderly Danes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(6):971-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Vind AB, Andersen HE, Pedersen KD, Jorgensen T, Schwarz P. Baseline and follow-up characteristics of participants and nonparticipants in a randomized clinical trial of multifactorial fall prevention in Denmark. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(10):1844-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Vind AB. personal communication March 30 2006.
Von Stengel 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kemmler W, Stengel V, Mayer S, Niedermayer M, Hentschke C, Kalender WA. Effect of whole body vibration on the neuromuscular performance of females 65 years and older. One-year results of the controlled randomized ELVIS study [Effekte von Ganzkorpervibrationen auf die neuromuskulare Leistungsfahigkeit von Frauen uber dem 65. Lebensjahr. Einjahresergebnisse der kontrollierten randomisierten ELVIS-Studie]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2010;43(2):125-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00292916. Effect of whole body vibration on bone and fall related parameters. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00292916 (accessed 31 August 2011).
    1. Stengel S, Kemmler W, Engelke K, Bebenek M, Mayhew JL, Kalender WA. Effects of whole body vibration training on the fracture risk of postmenopausal women: preliminary results of the Erlangen Longitudinal Vibration Study (ELVIS) [abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008;40(5 Suppl 1):S313.
    1. Stengel S, Kemmler W, Engelke K, Kalender WA. Effect of whole-body vibration on neuromuscular performance and body composition for females 65 years and older: a randomized-controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2012;22(1):119-27. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Stengel S, Kemmler W, Engelke K, Kalender WA. Effects of whole body vibration on bone mineral density and falls: results of the randomized controlled ELVIS study with postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(1):317-25. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Voukelatos 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Haas M. Economic analysis of tai chi as a means of preventing falls and related injuries among older adults. CHERE working paper 2006/4. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology. datasearch.uts.edu.au/chere/research/working_papers.cfm (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. Rissel C, Voukelatos A, Cumming B, Lord S. Central Sydney Tai Chi Trial. Canberra: Australian Resource Centre for Health Care Innovations, 2005.
    1. Voukelatos A, Cumming RG, Lord SR, Rissel C. A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: the Central Sydney Tai Chi trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(8):1185-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Voukelatos A, Metcalfe A. Central Sydney Tai Chi Trial: methodology. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2002;13(1-2):19. - PubMed
    1. Voukelatos A, Rissel C, Cumming R, Lord S. The Central Sydney Tai Chi Trial: a randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of tai chi in reducing risk of falls in older people. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2006 www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/publichealth/healthpromotion/grants/pdf/... (accessed 30 November 2011).
Wagner 1994 {published data only}
    1. Wagner EH, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus L, Leveille SG, Hecht JA, Artz K, et al. Preventing disability and falls in older adults: a population-based randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84(11):1800-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Weber 2008 {published data only}
    1. Weber V, White A, McIlvried R. An electronic medical record (EMR)-based intervention to reduce polypharmacy and falls in an ambulatory rural elderly population. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008;23(4):399-404. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Weerdesteyn 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Weerdesteyn V, Rijken H, Geurts AC, Smits-Engelsman BC, Mulder T, Duysens J. A five-week exercise program can reduce falls and improve obstacle avoidance in the elderly. Gerontology 2006;52(3):131-41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Weerdesteyn V. personal communication September 06 2006.
Whitehead 2003 {published data only}
    1. Whitehead C, Wundke R, Crotty M, Finucane P. Evidence-based clinical practice in falls prevention: a randomised controlled trial of a falls prevention service. Australian Health Review 2003;26(3):88-96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wilder 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wilder P. Seniors to seniors exercise program: a cost effective way to prevent falls in the frail elderly living at home [abstract]. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2001;24(3):13.
Wolf 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kutner NG, Barnhart H, Wolf SL, McNeely E, Xu T. Self-report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1997;52(5):242-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. McNeely E, Clements SD, Wolf SL. A program to reduce frailty in the elderly. In: Funk SG, Tornquist EM, Champagne MT, Weise RA, editors(s). Key aspects of elder care: managing falls, incontinence, and cognitive impairment. New York: Springer, 1992:89-96.
    1. O'Grady M, Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner N, McNeely E. Tai Chi effect on falls in frail older adults [abstract]. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;78:1028. [CENTRAL: CN-00507025]
    1. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Ellison GL, Coogler CE, Horak FB. The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Physical Therapy 1997;77(4):371-84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):489-97. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wolf 2003 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan AI, Wolf SL, Kelley ME, O'Grady M. Tai chi and perceived health status in older adults who are transitionally frail: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2007;87(5):525-35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Sattin RW, Easley KA, Wolf SL, Chen Y, Kutner MH. Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(7):1168-78. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, O'Grady M, Easley KA, Guo Y, Kressig RW, Kutner M. The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006;61(2):184-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, Kutner M, O'Grady M, Greenspan AI, Gregor RJ. Intense Tai Chi exercise training and fall occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(12):1693-701. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, O'Grady M, Freret N, Ricci L, Greenspan AI, et al. A study design to investigate the effect of intense Tai Chi in reducing falls among older adults transitioning to frailty. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22(6):689-704. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Woo 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Woo J, Hong A, Lau E, Lynn H. A randomised controlled trial of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community-living elderly people. Age and Ageing 2007;36(3):262-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Woo J. personal communication May 6 2008.
Wu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wu G, Keyes L, Callas P, Ren X, Bookchin B. Comparison of telecommunication, community, and home-based Tai Chi exercise programs on compliance and effectiveness in elders at risk for falls. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2010;91(6):849-56. - PubMed
Wyman 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Findorff MJ, Stock HH, Gross CR, Wyman JF. Does the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) explain exercise behavior in a community-based sample of older women? Journal of Aging & Health 2007;19(6):985-1003. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Findorff MJ, Wyman JF, Nyman JA, Croghan CF. Measuring the direct healthcare costs of a fall injury event. Nursing Research 2007;56(4):283-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lindquist R, Wyman JF, Talley KM, Findorff M, Gross CR. Design of control-group conditions in clinical trials of behavioral interventions. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2007;39(3):214-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nachreiner NM, Findorff MJ, Wyman JF, McCarthy TC. Circumstances and consequences of falls in community-dwelling older women. Journal of Women's Health 2007;16(10):1437-46. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wyman J, Gross C, DiFabio R, Nyman J, Lindquist R, McCarthy T, et al. A randomized trial of exercise, education, and risk reduction counseling to prevent falls in population-based sample of older women [abstract]. Gerontologist 2005;45(Special Issue II):297.
Yamada 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yamada M, Tanaka B, Nagai K, Aoyama T, Ichihashi N. Trail-walking exercise and fall risk factors in community-dwelling older adults: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(10):1946-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aisen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Aisen PS, Gauthier S, Ferris SH, Saumier D, Haine D, Garceau D, et al. Tramiprosate in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre study (the alphase study). Archives of Medical Science. 2011;7(1):102-11. - PMC - PubMed
Alexander 2003 {published data only}
    1. Alexander N. personal communication August 23 2006.
    1. Alexander NB, Bentur N, Strasburg D, Nyquist LV. Fall risk reduction in Israeli day care center attendees using exercise and behavior strategies [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(Suppl 4):S117.
Alp 2007 {published data only}
    1. Alp A, Kanat E, Yurtkuran M. Efficacy of a self-management program for osteoporotic subjects. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;86(8):633-40. - PubMed
Armstrong 1996 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong AL, Coupland CAC, Pye DW, Wallace WA. A study of the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on bone density, strength and balance in post-menopausal women [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1994;76 Suppl 1:42.
    1. Armstrong AL, Oborne J, Coupland CAC, Macpherson MB, Bassey EJ, Wallace WA. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on muscle performance and balance in post-menopausal women. Clinical Science 1996;91(6):685-90. - PubMed
    1. Armstrong AL. Hormone replacement therapy - effects on strength, balance, and bone density [thesis]. Nottingham (UK): Univ. of Nottingham, 1996.
Ashburn 2007 {published data only}63503875
    1. Ashburn A, Fazakarley L, Ballinger C, Pickering R, McLellan LD, Fitton C. A randomised controlled trial of a home based exercise programme to reduce the risk of falling among people with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2007;78(7):678-84. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ashburn A, Pickering RM, Fazakarley L, Ballinger C, McLellan DL, Fitton C. Recruitment to a clinical trial from the databases of specialists in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2007;13(1):35-9. - PubMed
    1. Ashburn A, Stack E, Ballinger C, Fazakarley L, Fitton C. The circumstances of falls among people with Parkinson's disease and the use of Falls Diaries to facilitate reporting. Disability & Rehabilitation 2008;30(16):1205-12. - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN63503875. Randomised controlled trial of a home-based exercise programme to reduce fall frequency among people with Parkinson's disease (PD). www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN63503875 (accessed 30 November 2011).
Barr 2005 {published data only}
    1. Barr RJ, Stewart A, Torgerson DJ, Seymour DG, Reid DM. Screening elderly women for risk of future fractures - participation rates and impact on incidence of falls and fractures. Calcified Tissue International 2005;76(4):243-8. - PubMed
Bea 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bea JW, Zhao Q, Cauley JA, LaCroix AZ, Bassford T, Lewis CE, et al. Effect of hormone therapy on lean body mass, falls, and fractures: 6-year results from the Women's Health Initiative hormone trials. Menopause 2011;18(1):44-52. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jackson RD, Wactawski-Wende J, LaCroix AZ, Pettinger M, Yood RA, Watts NB, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on risk of fractures and BMD in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: Results from the women's health initiative randomized trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;21(6):817-28. - PubMed
Berggren 2008 {published data only}
    1. Berggren M, Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Gustafson Y. Evaluation of a fall-prevention program in older people after femoral neck fracture: A one-year follow-up. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(6):801-9. - PubMed
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Englund U, Borssen B, Svensson O, et al. A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(2):167-75. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Svensson O, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Inpatient falls and injuries in older patients treated for femoral neck fracture. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2006;43(3):389-99. - PubMed
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Nyberg L, Lundstrom M, Gustafson Y. Improved performance in activities of daily living and mobility after a multidisciplinary postoperative rehabilitation in older people with femoral neck fracture: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007;39(3):232-8. - PubMed
Chapuy 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(3):257-64. - PubMed
Crotty 2002 {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Finucane P, Hayball N, Gray S, Krishnan J, Wells V. A trial of rehabilitation in the home (RITHOM) for patients with fractured neck of femur: an early report [abstract]. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 2000;30(2):295.
    1. Crotty M, Kittel A, Hayball N. Home rehabilitation for older adults with fractured hips: how many will take part? Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice 2000;20(2-3):65-8. - PubMed
    1. Crotty M, Whitehead C, Gray S, Finucane P, Hayball N. Rehabilitation in the home (RITHOM) for patients with fractured neck of femur: preliminary results [abstract]. Internal Medicine Journal 2002;32 Suppl:A38.
    1. Crotty M, Whitehead C, Miller M, Cray S. Patient and caregiver outcomes 12 months after home-based therapy for hip fracture: A randomized, controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84:1237-9. - PubMed
    1. Crotty M, Whitehead CH, Gray S, Finucane PM. Early discharge and home rehabilitation after hip fracture achieves functional improvements: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16(4):406-13. - PubMed
De Deyn 2005 {published data only}
    1. De Deyn P, Jeste DV, Swanink R, Kostic D, Breder C, Carson WH, et al. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;25(5):463-7. - PubMed
Dubbert 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dubbert PM, Cooper KM, Kirchner KA, Meydrech EF, Bilbrew D. Effects of nurse counseling on walking for exercise in elderly primary care patients. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2002;57(11):M733-40. - PubMed
Dubbert 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dubbert PM, Morey MC, Kirchner KA, Meydrech EF, Grothe K. Counseling for home-based walking and strength exercise in older primary care patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(9):979-86. - PubMed
Ebrahim 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ebrahim S, Thompson PW, Baskaran V, Evans K. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of brisk walking in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Age and Ageing 1997;26(4):253-60. - PubMed
Edwards {published data only}
    1. Edwards N, Cere M, Leblond D. A community-based intervention to prevent falls among seniors. Family and Community Health 1993;15(4):57-65.
Elley 2003 {published data only}
    1. Elley CR, Kerse N, Arroll B, Robinson E. Effectiveness of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7393):793-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Elley CR, Kerse NM, Arroll B. Why target sedentary adults in primary health care? Baseline results from the Waikato Heart, Health, and Activity Study. Preventive Medicine 2003;37(4):342-8. - PubMed
    1. Kerse N, Elley CR, Robinson E, Arroll B. Is physical activity counseling effective for older people? A cluster randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(11):1951-6. - PubMed
Faber 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Faber M. personal communication Aug 30 2006.
    1. Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, Chin A Paw MJ, Van Wieringen PC. Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre-frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87(7):885-96. - PubMed
Gill 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gill TM, Baker DI, Gottschalk M, Peduzzi PN, Allore H, Byers A. A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(14):1068-74. - PubMed
    1. Gill TM, McGloin JM, Gahbauer EA, Shepard DM, Bianco LM. Two recruitment strategies for a clinical trial of physically frail community-living older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(8):1039-45. - PubMed
Graafmans 1996 {published data only}
    1. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HM, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;143(11):1129-36. - PubMed
    1. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;124(4):400-6. - PubMed
Green 2002 {published data only}
    1. Green J, Forster A, Bogle S, Young J. Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9302):199-203. - PubMed
    1. N0049004427. A randomised trial of community physiotherapy one year post stroke. National Research Register (NRR) Archive: www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0049004427]
Inokuchi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Inokuchi S, Matsusaka N, Hayashi T, Shindo H. Feasibility and effectiveness of a nurse-led community exercise programme for prevention of falls among frail elderly people: a multi-centre controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007;39(6):479-85. - PubMed
Iwamoto 2005 {published data only}
    1. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y, Uzawa M. Effect of whole-body vibration exercise on lumbar bone mineral density, bone turnover, and chronic back pain in post-menopausal osteoporotic women treated with alendronate. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2005;17(2):157-63. - PubMed
Jee 2004 {published data only}
    1. Jee J, Wang JJ, Rose K, Landau P, Lindley R, Mitchell P. Incorporating vision and hearing tests into aged care assessment: methods and the pilot study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2004;11(5):427-36. - PubMed
    1. Wang J. personal communication August 03 2011.
Kerschan‐Schindl 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kerschan-Schindl K, Uher E, Kainberger F, Kaider A, Ghanem AH, Preisinger E. Long-term home exercise program: Effect in women at high risk of fracture. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(3):319-23. - PubMed
Kerse 2010 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000475640. Late life intervention to improve function in elderly patients with depression. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=736 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Kerse N, Falloon K, Moyes SA, Hayman KJ, Dowell T, Kolt GS, et al. DeLLITE depression in late life: an intervention trial of exercise. Design and recruitment of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:12. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kerse N, Hayman KJ, Moyes SA, Peri K, Robinson E, Dowell A, et al. Home-based activity program for older people with depressive symptoms: DeLLITE--a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2010;8(3):214-23. - PMC - PubMed
Kiehn 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kiehn KA, Mahoney J, Jones AN, Hansen KE. Vitamin d supplement intake in elderly fallers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(1):176-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00140322. Dane county safety assessment (SAFE) research study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00140322 (accessed 30 November 2011).
Kruse 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kruse RL, Lemaster JW, Madsen RW. Fall and balance outcomes after an intervention to promote leg strength, balance, and walking in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: "feet first" randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2010;90(11):1568-79. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Larsen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Determinants of acceptance of a community-based program for the prevention of falls and fractures among the elderly. Preventive Medicine 2001;33(2 Pt 1):115-9. - PubMed
    1. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(3):370-8. - PubMed
    1. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly community-dwelling women: A pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging-Clinical and Experimental Research 2005;17(2):125-32. - PubMed
    1. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium treatment and environmental adjustment in the prevention of falls and osteoporotic fractures among elderly Danish community residents [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002;17(Suppl 1):S157.
Lawton 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lawton B, Rose SB, Elley R, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40-74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;337:a2509. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lawton BA, Rose SB, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40-74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009;43(2):120-3. - PubMed
Lehtola 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lehtola S, Hanninen L, Paatalo M. The incidence of falls during a six-month exercise trial and four-month followup among home dwelling persons aged 70-75 years [Kaatumistapaturmien ilmaantuvuus 70-75-vuotiailla oululaisilla liikuntaintervention ja sen jälkeisen seurannan aikana]. Liikuntatiede 2000;6:41-6.
McMurdo 2010 {published data only}26786857
    1. ISRCTN26786857. A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of pedometers plus systematic advice to increase physical activity levels in sedentary older women. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN26786857 (accessed 30 November 2011).
    1. McMurdo ME, Sugden J, Argo I, Boyle P, Johnston DW, Sniehotta FF, et al. Do pedometers increase physical activity in sedentary older women? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(11):2099-106. - PubMed
Means 1996 {published data only}
    1. Means KM, Rodell DE, O'Sullivan PS, Cranford LA. Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: pilot study of a low to moderate intensity exercise program. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996;77:1030-6. - PubMed
N0025078568 {published data only}
    1. N0025078568. Vestibular rehabilitation in prevention of falls due to vestibular disorders in adults. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
    1. Pothula VB. personal communication May 22 2012.
N0084162084 {published data only}
    1. N0084162084. Prevention of falls and injuries in a community sample. A randomised trial of exercise for older women (PREFICS). National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
N0105009461 {published data only}
    1. Behrman R. personal communication September 12 2006.
    1. N0105009461. Prediction and prevention of falls in the elderly. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
    1. N0105125155. A study into the prediction and prevention of disability and falls in the over 75 year population. National Research Register Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
N0582105006 {published data only}
    1. Allen A, Simpson JM. A primary care based fall prevention programme. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1999;15(2):121-33. [EMBASE: 1999232162 ]
    1. Cryer C. personal communication August 27 2006.
    1. Cryer C. personal communication Dec 15 2008.
    1. N0582105006. Prevention of falls in older people in Canterbury. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
Orwig 2011 {published data only}
    1. Orwig DL, Hochberg M, Yu-Yahiro J, Resnick B, Hawkes WG, Shardell M, et al. Delivery and outcomes of a yearlong home exercise program after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(4):323-31. - PMC - PubMed
Peterson 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Allegrante JP. personal communication November 26 2003.
    1. NCT00000436. Improving functional recovery after hip fracture. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000436 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Peterson MGE, Ganz SB, Allegrante JP, Cornell CN. High-intensity exercise training following hip fracture. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 2004;20(4):273-84.
    1. Ruchlin HS, Elkin EB, Allegrante JP. The economic impact of a multifactorial intervention to improve postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture patients. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2001;45(5):446-52. - PubMed
Reid 2008 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000274673. The effect of calcium supplementation on serum lipids and bone density in normal men. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=349 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B, Reid HE, Bacon CJ, Bolland MJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(20):2276-82. - PubMed
Ringe 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ringe JD, Farahmand P, Schacht E, Rozehnal A. Superiority of a combined treatment of Alendronate and Alfacalcidol compared to the combination of Alendronate and plain vitamin D or Alfacalcidol alone in established postmenopausal or male osteoporosis (AAC-Trial). Rheumatology International 2007;27(5):425-34. - PubMed
    1. Ringe JD, Schacht E. Potential of alfacalcidol for reducing increased risk of falls and fractures. Rheumatology International 2009;29(10):1177-85. - PubMed
Robertson 2001b {published data only}
    1. Gardner MM, Buchner DM, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ. Practical implementation of an exercise-based falls prevention programme. Age and Ageing 2001;30(1):77-83. - PubMed
    1. Gardner MM, Robertson MC, McGee R, Campbell AJ. Application of a falls prevention program for older people to primary health care practice. Preventive Medicine 2002;34:546-53. - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Devlin N, McGee R, Campbell AJ. Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 2: Controlled trial in multiple centres. BMJ 2001;322(7288):701-4. - PMC - PubMed
Rosie 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rosie J, Taylor D. Sit-to-stand as home exercise for mobility-limited adults over 80 years of age - GrandStand System may keep you standing? Age and Ageing 2007;36(5):555-62. - PubMed
Rucker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rucker D, Rowe BH, Johnson JA, Steiner IP, Russell AS, Hanley DA, et al. Educational intervention to reduce falls and fear of falling in patients after fragility fracture: Results of a controlled pilot study. Preventive Medicine 2006;42(4):316-9. - PubMed
Sakamoto 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sakamoto K, Nakamura T, Hagino H, Endo N, Mori S, Muto Y, et al. Effects of unipedal standing balance exercise on the prevention of falls and hip fracture among clinically defined high-risk elderly individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2006;11(5):467-72. - PubMed
Sambrook 2012 {published data only}
    1. Durvasula S, Kok C, Sambrook PN, Cumming RG, Lord SR, March LM, et al. Sunlight and health: attitudes of older people living in intermediate care facilities in southern Australia. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2010;51(3):e94-9. - PubMed
    1. March L, Seibel M, Simpson J, Sambrook P, Cameron I, Durvasula S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of increased sunlight exposure to reduce vitamin D deficiency and falls risk in the elderly [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2009;24(Suppl 1):S73.
    1. NCT00322166. The FREEDOM study: a randomised controlled trial of sunlight and calcium in older people. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00322166 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Sambrook PN, Cameron ID, Chen JS, Cumming RG, Durvasula S, Herrmann M, et al. Does increased sunlight exposure work as a strategy to improve vitamin D status in the elderly: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2012;23(2):615-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wilson N, Hilmer S, March L, Cameron I, Lord S, Mason R, et al. Physical functioning measures and risk of falling in older people living in residential aged care facilities. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 2011;3(1):9-15. - PMC - PubMed
Sato 2005b {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Kanoko T, Satoh K, Iwamoto J. The prevention of hip fracture with risedronate and ergocalciferol plus calcium supplementation in elderly women with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial [see comment]. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(15):1737-42. - PubMed
Sato 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Alendronate and vitamin D2 for prevention of hip fracture in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Movement Disorders 2006;21(7):924-9. - PubMed
Shaw 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dawson P, Chapman KL, Shaw FE, Kenny RA. Measuring the outcome of physiotherapy in cognitively impaired elderly patients who fall. Physiotherapy 1997;83(7):352.
    1. N0461021713. Physiotherapy intervention for cognitively impaired elderly fallers attending casualty. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspxwww.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiv... (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0461021713]
    1. N0461044514. Risk modification of falls in cognitively impaired elderly patients attending a casualty department. A randomised controlled explanatory study. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspxwww.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiv... (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0461044514]
    1. Shaw FE, Bond J, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, et al. Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7380):73-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shaw FE, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, Bond J, et al. Can multidisciplinary intervention prevent falls in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia attending a casualty department [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 1):47.
Shimada 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shimada H, Uchiyama Y, Kakurai S. Specific effects of balance and gait exercises on physical function among the frail elderly. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17(5):472-9. - PubMed
    1. Shimada H. personal communication July 29 2004.
Singh 2005 {published data only}
    1. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005;60(6):768-76. - PubMed
Sohng 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sohng K-Y, Moon J-S, Song H-H, Lee K-S, Kim Y-S. Fall prevention exercise program for fall risk factor reduction of the community-dwelling elderly in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal 2003;44(5):883-91. - PubMed
Stineman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stineman MG, Strumpf N, Kurichi JE, Charles J, Grisso JA, Jayadevappa R. Attempts to reach the oldest and frailest: recruitment, adherence, and retention of urban elderly persons to a falls reduction exercise program. Gerontologist. 2011;51 Suppl 1:S59-72. - PMC - PubMed
Sumukadas 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sumukadas D, Witham MD, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2007;177(8):867-74. - PMC - PubMed
Teixeira 2010 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000472471. Progressive load training for the quadriceps muscle associated to proprioception exercises for the prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=82213 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Teixeira LE, Silva KN, Imoto AM, Teixeira TJ, Kayo AH, Montenegro-Rodrigues R, et al. Progressive load training for the quadriceps muscle associated with proprioception exercises for the prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2010;21(4):589-96. - PubMed
Tennstedt 1998 {published data only}
    1. Tennstedt S, Howland J, Lachman M, Peterson E, Kasten L, Jette A. A randomized, controlled trial of a group intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated activity restriction in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1998;53(6):P384-92. - PubMed
Tinetti 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tinetti ME, Baker DI, Gottschalk M, Williams CS, Pollack D, Garrett P, et al. Home-based multicomponent rehabilitation program for older persons after hip fracture: a randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80:916-22. - PubMed
Vogler 2009 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000335695. Reducing falls risk in older people discharged from hospital: a randomised controlled trial comparing (i) seated lower limb resistance training, (ii) functional weight-bearing training and (iii) social visits (control activity). www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=366 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Vogler C, Sherrington C, Ogle S, Lord S. Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomised controlled trial comparing seated lower limb strength training, weight-bearing exercises and social visits [abstract]. Internal Medicine Journal 2008;38(Suppl 5):A127. - PubMed
    1. Vogler C. Reducing Fall Risk in Older People Discharged From Hospital: A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing (i) Seated Lower Limb Resistance Training, (ii) Functional Weight-Bearing Exercises, and (iii) Social Visits [thesis]. Sydney (Australia): Univ. of Sydney, 2007.
    1. Vogler CM, Sherrington C, Ogle SJ, Lord SR. Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomized controlled trial comparing seated exercises, weight-bearing exercises, and social visits. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009;90(8):1317-24. - PubMed
Witham 2010 {published data only}
    1. Witham MD, Crighton LJ, Gillespie ND, Struthers AD, McMurdo MET. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older patients with heart failure a randomized controlled trial. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2010;3(2):195-201. - PubMed
Wolfson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI. Effects of resistive and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(9):937-46. - PubMed
    1. Pacala JT, Judge JO, Boult C. Factors affecting sample selection in a randomized trial of balance enhancement: The FICSIT study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(4):377-82. - PubMed
    1. Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44:498-506. - PubMed
    1. Wolfson L, Whipple R, Judge J, Amerman P, Derby C, King M. Training balance and strength in the elderly to improve function. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41:341-3. - PubMed
Xia 2009 {published data only}
    1. Xia QH, Jiang Y, Niu CJ, Tang CX, Xia ZL. Effectiveness of a community-based multifaceted fall-prevention intervention in active and independent older Chinese adults. Injury Prevention 2009;15(4):248-51. - PMC - PubMed
Yardley 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yardley L, Nyman SR. Internet provision of tailored advice on falls prevention activities for older people: a randomized controlled evaluation. Health Promotion International 2007;22(2):122-8. - PubMed
Yates 2001 {published data only}
    1. Yates SM, Dunnagan TA. Evaluating the effectiveness of a home-based fall risk reduction program for rural community-dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(4):M226-30. - PubMed
Ytterstad 1996 {published data only}
    1. Sattin RW. Preventing injurious falls [comment on: J Epidemiol Commun Health 1996;50:551-8]. Lancet 1997;349:150. - PubMed
    1. Ytterstad B. The Harstad injury prevention study: community based prevention of fall-fractures in the elderly evaluated by means of a hospital based injury recording system in Norway. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1996;50(5):551-8. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhang JG, Ishikawa-Takata K, Yamazaki H, Morita T, Ohta T. The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on physiological function and fear of falling in the less robust elderly: An intervention study for preventing falls. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2006;42(2):107-16. - PubMed
Zijlstra 2009 {published data only}43792817
    1. ISRCTN43792817. Reduction of fear of falling and associated increase in functional ability, activity level and quality of life in community-living older adults who are at risk for falling: a randomised controlled trial. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN43792817 (accessed 14 September 2011).
    1. Kempen GI, Oude Wesselink SF, Haastregt JC, Zijlstra GA. Long-term effect on mortality of a multicomponent cognitive behavioural group intervention to reduce fear of falling in older adults: A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2011;40(4):519-23. - PubMed
    1. Haastregt JC, Zijlstra GA, Rossum E, Eijk JT, Witte LP, Kempen GI. Feasibility of a cognitive behavioural group intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated avoidance of activity in community-living older people: a process evaluation. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:156. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zijlstra G, Haastregt JC, Eijk JT, Kempen GI. Evaluating an intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated activity restriction in elderly persons: design of a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN43792817]. BMC Public Health 2005;5(1):26. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zijlstra GA, Haastregt JC, Ambergen T, Rossum E, Eijk JT, Tennstedt SL, et al. Effects of a multicomponent cognitive behavioral group intervention on fear of falling and activity avoidance in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(11):2020-8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Adunsky 2011 {published data only}
    1. Adunsky A, Chandler J, Heyden N, Lutkiewicz J, Scott BB, Berd Y, et al. MK-0677 (ibutamoren mesylate) for the treatment of patients recovering from hip fracture: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2011;53(2):183-9. - PubMed
Bighea 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bighea A, Patru S, Bumbea A, Popescu R. Randomized controlled trial of a home based exercise and balance training programme in elderly women with osteoporosis [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(Suppl 1):S238. [EMBASE: 70393947]
    1. Bighea AC, Patru S, Marcu IR, Popescu RS. A home based exercise and balance training programme increase physical activity and improves health in women with osteoporosis [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2010;21:S160. [EMBASE: 70225942]
    1. Patru S, Bighea AC, Marcu IR, Popescu RS. Randomized controlled trial of exercise fall prevention program in elderly women with osteoporosis [abstract]. Osteoporosis International 2010;21:S347. [EMBASE: 70226355]
Clemson 2012 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12606000025538. Lifestyle (LIFE) versus structured balance and strength training to reduce falls in the elderly: a randomized trial. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=1007 (accessed 15 June 2012).
    1. Clemson L, Fiatarone Singh MA, Bundy A, Cumming RG, Manollaras K, O'Loughlin P, et al. Integration of balance and strength training into daily life activity to reduce rate of falls in older people (the LiFE study): randomised parallel trial. BMJ 2012;345(7870):Article Number: e4547. - PMC - PubMed
Freiberger 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Freiberber E. personal communication October 25 2007.
    1. Freiberger E, Haberle L, Spirduso WW, Zijlstra GAR. Long-term effects of three multicomponent exercise interventions on physical performance and fall-related psychological outcomes in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012 Feb 10 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03859.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Freiberger E, Menz HB, Abu-Omar K, Rutten A. Preventing falls in physically active community-dwelling older people: a comparison of two intervention techniques. Gerontology 2007;53(5):298-305. - PubMed
    1. Freiberger E, Menz HB. Characteristics of falls in physically active community-dwelling older people: Findings from the 'Standfest im Alter' study. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2006;39(4):261-7. - PubMed
    1. Freiberger E. personal communication December 12 2007.
Glendenning 2012 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12609000748213. A randomised controlled placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of vitamin D treatment on reducing hospital admissions for falls, fractures and other disorders in elderly women. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=308329 (accessed 11 October 2011).
    1. Glendenning P, Zhu K, Inderjeeth C, Howat P, Lewis JR, Prince RL. Effects of three monthly oral 150,000 IU cholecalciferol supplementation on falls, mobility and muscle strength in older postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2012;27(1):170-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5241] - DOI - PubMed
Neelemaat 2012 {published data only}
    1. Neelemaat F, Bosmans JE, Thijs A, Seidell JC, Van Bokhorst-De Van Der Schueren MAE. Post-discharge nutritional support in malnourished elderly individuals improves functional limitations. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2011;12(4):295-301. - PubMed
    1. Neelemaat F, Lips P, Bosmans JE, Thijs A, Seidell JC, Van Bokhorst-De Van Der Schueren MAE. Short-term oral nutritional intervention with protein and vitamin D decreases falls in malnourished older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012 Feb 8 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03888.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Neelemaat F, Thijs A, Seidell JC, Bosmans JE, Van Bokhorst-De Van Der Schueren MAE. Study protocol: Cost-effectiveness of transmural nutritional support in malnourished elderly patients in comparison with usual care. Nutrition Journal 2010;9(1):Article number: 6. - PMC - PubMed
Pérula 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pérula LA, Varas-Fabra F, Rodríguez V, Ruiz-Moral R, Fernández JA, González J, et al. Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention program to reduce falls incidence among community-living elderly people: a randomised clinical trial (The EPICA Study). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012 May 15 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed
Sach 2012 {published data only}ISRCTN67535605
    1. Sach TH, Logan PA, Coupland CA, Gladman JR, Sahota O, Stoner-Hobbs V, et al. Community falls prevention for people who call an emergency ambulance after a fall: aneconomic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2012 June 13 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs071 ] - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2012 {published data only}
    1. Taylor D, Hale L, Schluter P, Waters DL, Binns EE, McCracken H, et al. Effectiveness of tai chi as a community-based falls prevention intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Americn Geriatrics Society 2012;60(5):841-8. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN012606000023550 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12606000023550. Healthy Steps: A trial of pedometer-based Green Prescription to improve physical activity, health-related quality of life, and health and physical functioning in low-active older adults. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=996 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Kerse N, Garrett N, Schluter PJ, Ashton T, et al. The healthy steps study: a randomized controlled trial of a pedometer-based green prescription for older adults. Trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2009;9:404. - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12607000017426 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000017426. A randomised controlled trial on improving gait speed and other health outcomes for elderly patients with hip fracture using an individualised nutrition and exercise program. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=81735 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Thomas SK, Humphreys KJ, Miller MD, Cameron ID, Whitehead C, Kurrle S, et al. Individual nutrition therapy and exercise regime: a controlled trial of injured, vulnerable elderly (INTERACTIVE trial). BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:4. [MEDLINE: 18302787 ] - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12607000018415 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000018415. An evaluation of the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) Tai Chi programme in older adults: does it reduce falls. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=1475 (accessed 11 August 2011).
    1. Waters DL, Hale L, Grant AM, Herbison P, Goulding A. Osteoporosis and gait and balance disturbances in older sarcopenic obese New Zealanders. Osteoporosis International 2010;21(2):351-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
ACTRN12607000206426 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000206426. Community care and hospital based collaborative falls prevention project. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=81955 (accessed 30 November 2011).
ACTRN12607000563460 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000563460. Minimising disability and falls in older people through a post-hospital individualised exercise program. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=82384 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Sherrington C, Lord SR, Vogler CM, Close JC, Howard K, Dean CM, et al. Minimising disability and falls in older people through a post-hospital exercise program: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. BMC Geriatrics 2009;9:8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12610000576022 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000576022. A comparison on the effectiveness of a novel intervention programme against a traditional supervised exercise programme in improving the fall efficacy in the moderate frail population aged 60 and above. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=335721 (accessed 31 July 2011).
    1. Kwok BC, Mamun K, Chandran M, Wong CH. Evaluation of the Frails' Fall Efficacy by Comparing Treatments (EFFECT) on reducing fall and fear of fall in moderately frail older adults: study protocol for a randomised control trial. Trials 2011;12:155. - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12610000805077 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000805077. RESTORE: Recovery exercises and Stepping On after fracture. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=335781 (accessed 28 March 2012).
ACTRN12610000838011 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000838011. In community-dwelling older people who have fallen, does the provision of falls prevention interventions and osteoporosis treatment through a specialist Falls and Bone service prevent more falls than care coordinated by General Practitioners. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=335807 (accessed 30 November 2011).
Ferrer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ferrer A, Badia T, Formiga F, Almeda J, Fernandez C, Pujol R. Gender differences in health status in a population of over 85 year-olds. The Octabaix study [Diferencias de genero en el perfil de salud de una cohorte de 85 anos. Estudio Octabaix]. Atencion Primaria 2011;43(11):577-84. [EMBASE: 2011609254] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ferrer A, Badia T, Formiga F, Gil A, Padros G, Sarro M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of falls and malnutrition prevention in community-dwelling elders aged 85 years old. The OCTABAIX study [Ensayo clinico aleatorizado de prevencion de caidas y malnutricion en personas de 85 anos en la comunidad. Estudio OCTABAIX]. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia 2010;45(2):79-85. - PubMed
ISRCTN10538608 {published data only}10538608
    1. ISRCTN10538608. SAFER (Support and Assessment for Fall Emergency Referrals) Trial: Evaluation of the costs and benefits of computerised on-scene decision support for emergency ambulance personnel to assess and plan appropriate care for older people who have fallen: a randomised controlled trial. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN10538608 (accessed 2 September 2011).
    1. Snooks H, Cheung WY, Close J, Dale J, Gaze S, Humphreys I, et al. Support and Assessment for Fall Emergency Referrals (SAFER 1) trial protocol. Computerised on-scene decision support for emergency ambulance staff to assess and plan care for older people who have fallen: evaluation of costs and benefits using a pragmatic cluster randomised trial. BMC Emergency Medicine 2010;10:2. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thomas G, Sanchez A, Snooks H. Before the fall: A discussion paper on the organisational difficulties of setting up complex randomised control trials in emergency pre-hospital care [abstract]. Emergency Medicine Journal 2011;28(3):2.
ISRCTN11861569 {published data only}11861569
    1. ISRCTN11861569. Falls prevention for frail older adults: Cost-efficacy analysis of balance training based on Tai Chi. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN11861569 (accessed 19 September 2008).
    1. Tousignant M, Corriveau H, Roy PM, Desrosiers J, Dubec N, Hébert R, et al. The effect of supervised Tai Chi intervention compared to a physiotherapy program on fall-related clinical outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. Disability & Rehabilitation 2012;34(3):196-201. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tousignant M. personal communication 08 August 2011.
ISRCTN43453770 {published data only}43453770
    1. Iliffe S, Kendrick D, Morris R, Skelton D, Gage H, Dinan S, et al. Multi-centre cluster randomised trial comparing a community group exercise programme with home based exercise with usual care for people aged 65 and over in primary care: protocol of the ProAct 65+ trial. Trials 2010;11(1):6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN43453770. Promoting physical activity in people aged 65+. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN43453770 (accessed 19 July 2010).
    1. Perry L, Kendrick D, Morris R, Dinan S, Masud T, Skelton D, et al. Completion and return of fall diaries varies with participants' level of education, first language, and baseline fall risk. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2012;67(2):210-4. - PubMed
ISRCTN48015966 {published data only}48015966
    1. ISRCTN48015966. The Chaos Clinic for prevention of falls and related injuries: a randomised, controlled trial. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN48015966 (accessed 2 September 2011).
ISRCTN57066881 {published data only}57066881
    1. Clegg A, Barber S, Young J, Forster A, Iliffe S. The Home-Based Older People's Exercise (HOPE) trial: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:Article number 143. - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN57066881. The Home-based Older People's Exercise (HOPE) programme: an exercise programme to improve the functional status of older people. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN57066881 (accessed 2 September 2011).
ISRCTN60481756 {published data only}60481756
    1. Care of older people who fall: evaluation of the clinical and cost effectiveness of new protocols for emergency ambulance personnel to assess and refer to appropriate community based care. www.hta.ac.uk/1802 (accessed 2 May 2011).
    1. Gaze S. SAFER 2: Support and assessment for fall emergency referrals (part of the SAFER research programme [abstract]. Emergency Medicine Journal 2011;28(3):3.
    1. ISRCTN60481756. Care of older people who fall: evaluation of the clinical and cost effectiveness of new protocols for emergency ambulance personnel to assess and refer to appropriate community based care - a cluster randomised controlled trial. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN60481756 (accessed 2 May 2011).
ISRCTN68240461 {published data only}68240461
    1. ISRCTN68240461. Multifaceted podiatry intervention for fall prevention in patients over 70 years of age. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN68240461 (accessed 2 September 2011).
ISRCTN71002650 {published data only}71002650
    1. ISRCTN71002650. Prevention of Fall Injury Trial: a parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN71002650 (accessed 22 Sept 2010).
    1. Lamb S. Prevention of fall related injuries trial (Pre-FIT). www.hta.ac.uk/2146 (accessed 22 Sept 2010).
NCT00413933 {published data only}
    1. NCT00413933. Comprehensive intervention for falls prevention in the elderly. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00413933 (accessed 31 March 2008).
NCT00483275 {published data only}
    1. NCT00483275. Fall prevention by alfacalcidol and training (SPALT). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00483275 (accessed 23 February 2011).
NCT00934531 {published data only}
    1. Montero-Odasso M, Wells JL, Borrie MJ, Speechley M. Can cognitive enhancers reduce the risk of falls in older people with mild cognitive impairment? A protocol for a randomised controlled double blind trial. BMC Neurology 2009;9:42. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00934531. Donepezil and the risk of falls in seniors with cognitive impairment. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00934531 (accessed 31 August 2011).
NCT00946062 {published data only}
    1. NCT00946062. Evaluation of a standardised orientation and mobility training in older adults with low vision. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00946062 (accessed 31 August 2011).
    1. Zijlstra GA, Rens GH, Scherder EJ, Brouwer DM, der V, Verstraten PF, et al. Effects and feasibility of a standardised orientation and mobility training in using an identification cane for older adults with low vision: design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:153. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00986466 {published data only}
    1. NCT00986466. Vitamin D and exercise in falls prevention (DEX). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00986466 (accessed 31 August 2011).
NCT01029171 {published data only}
    1. Donaldson MG, Khan KM, Sobolev B, Janssen P, Cook WL, McKay HA. Action Seniors!: An RCT of the Otago Home Exercise Program to ameliorate fall risk factor profile in patients at high risk of falls [abstract]. Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2007 Sept 16-20; Honolulu (Hawaii).
    1. NCT01029171. Action Seniors! Exercise to prevent falls. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01029171 (accessed 31 August 2011).
NCT01032252 {published data only}
    1. Blank WA, Freiberger E, Siegrist M, Landendoerfer P, Linde K, Schuster T, et al. An interdisciplinary intervention to prevent falls in community-dwelling elderly persons: protocol of a cluster-randomized trial [PreFalls]. BMC Geriatrics 2011;11:7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01032252. Prevention of falls in general practitioner for community-dwelling older adults [PreFalls]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01032252 (accessed August 2011).
NCT01080196 {published data only}
    1. NCT01080196. Reducing falls with RENEW in older adults who have fallen. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01080196 (accessed 31 August 2011).
NCT01358032 {published data only}
    1. Dorresteijn TA, Zijlstra GA, Delbaere K, Rossum E, Vlaeyen JW, Kempen GI. Evaluating an in-home multicomponent cognitive behavioural programme to manage concerns about falls and associated activity avoidance in frail community-dwelling older people: Design of a randomised control trial [NCT01358032]. BMC Health Services Research 2011;11:228. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01358032. Evaluating an in-home multicomponent program to manage concerns about falling in frail community dwelling older people. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01358032 (accessed 04 March 2012).
NCT01452243 {published data only}
    1. Lopez-Torres Hidalgo J, ANVITAD Group. Prevention of falls and fractures in old people by administration of calcium and vitamin D. randomized clinical trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:910. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01452243. Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Old People by Administration of Calcium and Vitamin D. Randomized Clinical Trial (ANVITAD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01452243 (accessed 14 March 2012).
NTR1593 {published data only}
    1. Hartholt KA, Van Der Velde N, Lieshout EM, Polinder S, Vries OJ, Boye ND, et al. [Cost]effectiveness of withdrawal of fall-risk increasing drugs versus conservative treatment in older fallers: design of a multicenter randomized controlled trial (IMPROveFALL-study). BMC Geriatrics 2011;11:48. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NTR1593. Research into prevention of medication induced fall incidents. www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1593 (accessed 05 March 2012).

Additional references

Boutron 2008
    1. Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, Schulz KF, Ravaud P, CONSORT Group. Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine 2008;148(4):295-309. - PubMed
Cameron 2010
    1. Cameron ID, Murray GR, Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Hill KD, Cumming RG, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No: CD005465. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 1990
    1. Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF, Jackson SL, Brown JS, Fitzgerald JL. Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age and Ageing 1990;19:136-41. - PubMed
Campbell 1999c
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Buchner D. Falls prevention over 2 years: a randomized controlled trial in women 80 years and older. Age and Ageing 1999;28:513-18. - PubMed
Campbell 2004
    1. Campbell MK, Elbourne DR, Altman DG, CONSORT Group. CONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ 2004;328(7441):702-8. - PMC - PubMed
Campbell 2006
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC. Implementation of multifactorial interventions for fall and fracture prevention. Age and Ageing 2006;35 Suppl 2:ii60-4. - PubMed
Close 2000
    1. Close JCT, Patel A, Hooper R, Glucksman E, Jackson SHD, Swift CG. PROFET: improved clinical outcomes at no additional cost [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 1):48.
Cummings 1995
    1. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group [see comments]. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332(12):767-73. - PubMed
Davis 2009
    1. Davis J, Guy P, Liu-Ambrose T, Donaldson M, Robertson M, Khan K, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the Otago home-based strength and balance retraining in senior fallers [abstract]. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2009;13(Suppl 1):S436. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0095-9] - DOI
Davis 2010
    1. Davis JC, Robertson MC, Ashe MC, Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Marra CA. Does a home-based strength and balance programme in people aged > or =80 years provide the best value for money to prevent falls? A systematic review of economic evaluations of falls prevention interventions. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2010;44(2):80-9. - PubMed
Davis 2011b
    1. Davis JC, Robertson MC, Comans T, Scuffham PA. Guidelines for conducting and reporting economic evaluation of fall prevention strategies. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(9):2449-59. - PubMed
Deandrea 2010
    1. Deandrea S, Lucenteforte E, Bravi F, Foschi R, La VC, Negri E. Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2010;21(5):658-68. - PubMed
Excel [Computer program]
    1. Excel X for Mac. Version 12.2.8. Microsoft, 2008.
Findorff 2007
    1. Findorff MJ, Wyman JF, Nyman JA, Croghan CF. Measuring the direct healthcare costs of a fall injury event. Nursing Research 2007;56(4):283-7. - PubMed
Gillespie 2003
    1. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RG, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. Art. No: CD000340. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000340] - DOI - PubMed
Haas 2006
    1. Haas M. Economic analysis of tai chi as a means of preventing falls and falls related injuries among older adults. CHERE working paper 2006/4. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology. datasearch.uts.edu.au/chere/research/working_papers.cfm (accessed 30 November 2011).
Hannan 2010
    1. Hannan MT, Gagnon MM, Aneja J, Jones RN, Cupples LA, Lipsitz LA, et al. Optimizing the tracking of falls in studies of older participants: comparison of quarterly telephone recall with monthly falls calendars in the MOBILIZE Boston Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2010;171(9):1031-6. - PMC - PubMed
Hauer 2006
    1. Hauer K, Lamb SE, Jorstad EC, Todd C, Becker C, ProFaNE-Group. Systematic review of definitions and methods of measuring falls in randomised controlled fall prevention trials. Age and Ageing 2006;35(1):5-10. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011a
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Higgins 2011b
    1. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 16.3.4: Approximate analyses of cluster-randomized trials for meta-analysis: effective sample sizes. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Higgins 2011c
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 9.6.3.1 Is the effect different in different subgroups? In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Irvine 2010
    1. Irvine L, Conroy SP, Sach T, Gladman JR, Harwood RH, Kendrick D, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a day hospital falls prevention programme for screened community-dwelling older people at high risk of falls. Age and Ageing 2010;39(6):710-6. - PMC - PubMed
Keene 1993
    1. Keene GS, Parker MJ, Pryor GA. Mortality and morbidity after hip fractures. BMJ 1993;307(6914):1248-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kellogg 1987
    1. Anonymous. The prevention of falls in later life. A report of the Kellogg International Work Group on the Prevention of Falls by the Elderly. Danish Medical Bulletin 1987;34 Suppl 4:1-24. - PubMed
Lamb 2005
    1. Lamb SE, Jorstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C, Prevention of Falls Network Europe and Outcomes Consensus Group. Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(9):1618-22. - PubMed
Lamb 2011
    1. Lamb SE, Becker C, Gillespie LD, Smith JL, Finnegan S, Potter R, et al. Reporting of complex interventions in clinical trials: development of a taxonomy to classify and describe fall-prevention interventions. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2011;12:125. - PMC - PubMed
Lefebvre 2011
    1. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6.4.11.1 The Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategies for identifying randomized trials in MEDLINE. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Lord 2008
    1. Lord SR. Lack of effectiveness of a multidisciplinary fall-prevention program in elderly people at risk: a randomized, controlled trial [Commentary]. Falls Links (available from www.powmri.edu.au/fallsnetwork/falls_links_newsletter.htm) 2008;3(4):3-4. - PubMed
McAlister 2003
    1. McAlister FA, Straus SE, Sackett DL, Altman DG. Analysis and reporting of factorial trials: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;289(19):2545-53. - PubMed
Nyman 2012
    1. Nyman SR, Victor CR. Older people's participation in and engagement with falls prevention interventions in community settings: an augment to the Cochrane systematic review. Age & Ageing 2012;41(1):16-23. - PubMed
Peel 2002
    1. Peel NM, Kassulke DJ, McClure RJ. Population based study of hospitalised fall related injuries in older people. Injury Prevention 2002;8(4):280-3. - PMC - PubMed
Peeters 2011
    1. Peeters GM, Heymans MW, Vries OJ, Bouter LM, Lips P, Tulder MW. Multifactorial evaluation and treatment of persons with a high risk of recurrent falling was not cost-effective. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(7):2187-96. - PMC - PubMed
RevMan 5.1 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
Rizzo 1996
    1. Rizzo JA, Baker DI, McAvay G, Tinetti ME. The cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial targeted prevention program for falls among community elderly persons. Medical Care 1996;34:954-69. - PubMed
Robertson 2001c
    1. Robertson MC, Devlin N, Scuffham P, Gardner MM, Buchner DM, Campbell AJ. Economic evaluation of a community based exercise programme to prevent falls. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2001;55(8):600-6. - PMC - PubMed
Robertson 2001d
    1. Robertson MC. Development of a falls prevention programme for elderly people: evaluation of efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. Dunedin (NZ): Univ. of Otago, 2001.
Robertson 2005
    1. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Herbison P. Statistical analysis of efficacy in falls prevention trials. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(4):530-4. - PubMed
Sach 2007
    1. Sach TH, Foss AJ, Gregson RM, Zaman A, Osborn F, Masud T, et al. Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: an economic evaluation conducted alongside a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;91(12):1675-9. - PMC - PubMed
Sach 2010
    1. Sach TH, Foss AJ, Gregson RM, Zaman A, Osborn F, Masud T, et al. Second-eye cataract surgery in elderly women: a cost-utility analysis conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial. Eye 2010;24(2):276-83. - PubMed
Salkeld 2000
    1. Salkeld G, Cumming RG, O'Neill E, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Westbury C. The cost effectiveness of a home hazard reduction program to reduce falls among older persons. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2000;24(3):265-71. - PubMed
Sherrington 2011
    1. Sherrington C, Tiedemann A, Fairhall N, Close JC, Lord SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. [Review]. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2011;22(3-4):78-83. - PubMed
Smeeth 2002
    1. Smeeth L, Ng ES. Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care: data from the MRC Trial of the Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. Controlled Clinical Trials 2002;23(4):409-21. - PubMed
Stata [Computer program]
    1. Stata Statistical Software. Version 11.2. Statacorp, 2009.
Tinetti 1988
    1. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;319:1701-7. - PubMed
Tinetti 1997
    1. Tinetti ME, Williams CS. Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337(18):1279-84. - PubMed
Verheyden 2010
    1. Verheyden GSAF, Weerdesteyn V, Pickering RM, Hyndman D, Lennon S, Geurts ACH, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. Art. No: CD008728. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008728] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yardley 2002
    1. Yardley L, Smith H. A prospective study of the relationship between feared consequences of falling and avoidance of activity in community-living older people. Gerontologist 2002;42(1):17-23. - PubMed
Zecevic 2006
    1. Zecevic AA, Salmoni AW, Speechley M, Vandervoort AA. Defining a fall and reasons for falling: comparisons among the views of seniors, health care providers, and the research literature. Gerontologist 2006;46(3):367-76. - PubMed
Zwarenstein 2008
    1. Zwarenstein M, Treweek S, Gagnier JJ, Altman DG, Tunis S, Haynes B, et al. Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. BMJ 2008;337:a2390. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Gillespie 2008
    1. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Lamb S, Gates S, Cumming RG, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No: CD007146. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146] - DOI - PubMed
Gillespie 2009
    1. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Lamb SE, Gates S, Cumming RG, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No: CD007146. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types