Effects of duration of stay in temperate area on thermoregulatory responses to passive heat exposure in tropical south-east Asian males residing in Japan

Abstract

Background: In this study, we investigated the effects of duration of stay in a temperate area on the thermoregulatory responses to passive heat exposure of residents from tropical areas, particularly to clarify whether they would lose their heat tolerance during passive heat exposure through residence in a temperate country, Japan.

Methods: We enrolled 12 males (mean ± SE age 25.7 ± 1.3 years) from south-east Asian countries who had resided in Japan for a mean of 24.5 ± 5.04 months, and 12 Japanese males (age 24.1 ± 0.9 years). Passive heat exposure was induced through leg immersion in hot water (42°C) for 60 minutes under conditions of 28°C air temperature and 50% relative humidity.

Results: Compared with the Japanese group, the tropical group displayed a higher pre-exposure rectal temperature (P < 0.01) and a smaller increase in rectal temperature during 60 minutes of leg immersion (P = 0.03). Additionally, the tropical group showed a tendency towards a lower total sweat rate (P = 0.06) and lower local sweat rate on the forehead (P = 0.07). The tropical group also had a significantly longer sweating onset time on the upper back (P = 0.04) compared with the Japanese groups. The tropical group who stayed in Japan for > 23 months sweated earlier on the forehead and upper back than those who stayed in Japan < 11 months (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03 for the forehead and upper back, respectively). There was a positive correlation between duration of stay in Japan and total sweat rate (r = 0.58, P <0.05), and negative correlations between duration of stay and sweating onset time on the forehead (r = -0.73, P = 0.01) and on the upper back (r = -0.66, P = 0.02). Other physiological indices measured in this study did not show any difference between the subjects in the tropical group who had lived in Japan for a shorter time and those who had lived there for a longer time.

Conclusions: We conclude that the nature of heat acclimatization of the sweating responses to passive heat exposure that are acquired from long-term heat acclimatization is decayed by a stay in a temperate area, as shown by the subjects in our tropical group. We did not find any evidence of a decay in the other physiological indices, indicating that heat tolerance acquired from long-term heat acclimatization is not completely diminished through residence in a temperate area for less than 4 years, although some aspects of this heat tolerance may be decayed.

Figure 1

Change in temperature during 10 minutes of stabilization and 60 minutes of leg immersion in the tropical (TR) and Japanese (JP) groups. (A) Rectal temperature; (B) change in rectal temperature; (C) mean skin temperature. ^*P < 0.05 between TR and JP ; ^**P < 0.01 between TR and JP.

Figure 2

Local sweat rate during 10 minutes of stabilization and 60 minutes of leg immersion in the tropical (TR) and Japanese (JP) groups. (A) Forehead; (B) Upper back; (C) Forearm. † P < 0.1 between TR and JP.

Figure 3

Relationship between duration of stay in Japan and sweat rate. (A-C) Relationship between duration of stay in Japan and local sweat rate after 60 minutes of leg immersion on: (A) Forehead; (B) Upper back; (C) Forearm. (D) Relationship between duration of stay in Japan and total sweat rate after 60 minutes of leg immersion. * P < 0.05.

Figure 4

Relationship between duration of stay in Japan and sweating onset time. (A) Forehead; B) Upper back; C) Forearm.^*P < 0.05.