[Chronic central nervous system effects of pesticides: state-of-the-art]

Abstract

Background: Given the neurotoxic properties of pesticides, suggested by experimental results and clinical observations, many epidemiological studies have investigated neurological effects following acute or chronic exposure to pesticides. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about pesticide effects on the central nervous system: neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), cognitive disorders, and psychiatric disorders (mood disorders, anxiety, depression and suicide).

Results: Parkinson's disease, the most widely studied in relation with pesticide exposure, particularly with insecticides and herbicides, was observed to be a risk factor of the disease. Evidence is scarce for Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but quite consistent. Cognitive and psychiatric disorders were often observed in relation with organophosphate insecticide exposure. Cognitive disorders were found associated with acute and chronic exposures, and psychiatric disorders mostly with poisonings. These epidemiologic studies were limited by a lack of detailed and reliable exposure assessment. The role of genetic susceptibilities has been recently observed, but must be further investigated.