Vector competence of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7

Abstract

Background: Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is a vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotypes 1 and 2 in North America, where these viruses are well-known pathogens of white-tailed deer (WTD) and other wild ruminants. Although historically rare, reports of clinical EHDV infection in cattle have increased in some parts of the world over the past decade. In 2006, an EHDV-7 epizootic in cattle resulted in economic loss for the Israeli dairy industry. White-tailed deer are susceptible to EHDV-7 infection and disease; however, this serotype is exotic to the US and the susceptibility of C. sonorensis to this cattle-virulent EHDV is not known. The objective of the study was to determine if C. sonorensis is susceptible to EHDV-7 infection and is a competent vector.

Methods: To evaluate the susceptibility of C. sonorensis, midges were fed on EHDV-7 infected WTD, held at 22 ± 1°C, and processed individually for virus isolation and titration on 4-16 days post feeding (dpf). Midges with a virus titer of ≥ 10(2.7) median tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50))/midge were considered potentially competent. To determine if infected C. sonorensis were capable of transmitting EHDV-7 to a host, a susceptible WTD was then fed on by a group of 14-16 dpf midges.

Results: From 4-16 dpf, 45% (156/350) of midges that fed on WTD with high titer viremia (>10(7) TCID(50)/ml) were virus isolation-positive, and starting from 10-16 dpf, 32% (35/109) of these virus isolation-positive midges were potentially competent (≥ 10(2.7) TCID(50)/midge). Midges that fed on infected deer transmitted the virus to a susceptible WTD at 14-16 dpf. The WTD developed viremia and severe clinical disease.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that C. sonorensis is susceptible to EHDV-7 infection and can transmit the virus to susceptible WTD, thus, C. sonorensis should be considered a potential vector of EHDV-7. Together with previous work, this study demonstrates that North America has a susceptible ruminant and vector host for this exotic, cattle-virulent strain of EHDV-7.

Figure 1

Feeding of C. sonorensis on white-tailed deer.A) feeding cage containing C. sonorensis held firmly against closely shaved skin of a white-tailed deer experimentally infected with EHDV-7. B) bite wounds present after approximately 30 minutes of feeding.

Figure 2

Bar graph showing replication of EHDV-7 over time in C. sonorensis that were infected by feeding on WTD with a high-titer viremia (mean 10^7.24TCID₅₀/ml). The light bars show percent virus isolation-positive midges (no. positive/no. tested x 100), and the dark bars show the percent of virus isolation-positive midges with a high virus titer (no. of midges with ≥ 10^2.7 TCID₅₀ per midge/no. of virus isolation-positive midges x 100). Numbers above bars represent the number of blood fed midges processed at each time point

Figure 3

Clinical outcome of a white-tailed deer infected with EHDV-7 by the bite of C. sonorensis. A) Photograph taken on 9 dpf just prior to euthanasia showing prominent erythema of periorbital skin and severe congestion and edema of the conjunctiva. B) Paintbrush hemorrhage in the wall of the abomasum at the level of the pylorus. C) Subintimal hemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery. [Both B) and C) are considered classic lesions of acute hemorrhagic disease in WTD.].