α-Linolenic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Prior studies of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have generated inconsistent results.

Objective: We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of ALA and CVD risk.

Design: We searched multiple electronic databases through January 2012 for studies that reported the association between ALA (assessed as dietary intake or as a biomarker in blood or adipose tissue) and CVD risk in prospective and retrospective studies. We pooled the multivariate-adjusted RRs comparing the top with the bottom tertile of ALA using random-effects meta-analysis, which allowed for between-study heterogeneity.

Results: Twenty-seven original studies were identified, including 251,049 individuals and 15,327 CVD events. The overall pooled RR was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.97; I² = 71.3%). The association was significant in 13 comparisons that used dietary ALA as the exposure (pooled RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99; I² = 49.0%), with similar but nonsignificant trends in 17 comparisons in which ALA biomarkers were used as the exposure (pooled RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.03; I² = 79.8%). An evaluation of mean participant age, study design (prospective compared with retrospective), exposure assessment (self-reported diet compared with biomarker), and outcome [fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), nonfatal CHD, total CHD, or stroke] showed that none were statistically significant sources of heterogeneity.

Conclusions: In observational studies, higher ALA exposure is associated with a moderately lower risk of CVD. The results were generally consistent for dietary and biomarker studies but were not statistically significant for biomarker studies. However, the high unexplained heterogeneity highlights the need for additional well-designed observational studies and large randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of ALA on CVD.

FIGURE 1.

Flowchart of the meta-analysis. Three studies reported both diet and biomarker data. CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction.

FIGURE 2.

RR of ALA intake and risk of total CVD stratified by dietary intake and biomarker concentration. The RRs were pooled by using random-effects meta-analysis. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ALA, α-linolenic acid; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; SCA, sudden cardiac arrest.

FIGURE 3.

RR of dietary α-linolenic acid intake and risk of CVD stratified by specific disease outcomes. The RRs were pooled by using random-effects meta-analysis. CAD, coronary artery disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction.

FIGURE 4.

RR of α-linolenic acid biomarker concentration and risk of CVD. The RRs were pooled by using random-effects meta-analysis. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; SCA, sudden cardiac arrest.