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Review
. 2012 Dec;160(4):1698-709.
doi: 10.1104/pp.112.208173. Epub 2012 Oct 23.

Waterproofing crops: effective flooding survival strategies

Julia Bailey-Serres  1 , Seung Cho Lee, Erin Brinton
Affiliations
Review

Waterproofing crops: effective flooding survival strategies

Julia Bailey-Serres et al. Plant Physiol. 2012 Dec.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Financial losses in crop production due to environmental stresses in the United States from 2000 to 2011. Yearly totals are in billions of U.S. dollars in loss of food, fiber, and fuel crops. Data are based on insurance indemnities paid to farmers. Values were determined from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency Cause of Loss Historical Data. A, Percentage of total crop loss per environmental stress. Percentage losses are the quotient of the amount in billions of U.S. dollars of crop loss to each peril divided by the total crop loss for that given year. Drought, Water deficit stress; Flood, excess moisture, precipitation, or rain; Other, anthropogenic and biotic factors such as fire, insects, and plant disease; Extreme, cyclones, hail, hurricanes, and tropical depression events; Cold, cold weather, including frosts and freezes; Heat, excessive radiant heat and hot winds. B, Total crop losses and the proportion of total loss due to floods in billions of U.S. dollars.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Examples of survival traits displayed in flooded plants. Elongation growth response: deepwater (left) and lowland (right) rice cultivars after 7 d of partial submergence showing distinctions in internode elongation (Hattori et al., 2009); Arabidopsis (Columbia-0 ecotype) after 3 d of complete submergence in darkness showing petiole elongation (Mustroph et al., 2010); and 6-week-old R. palustris plants grown in air (left) or submerged for 14 d (right) showing petiole elongation (Colmer and Voesenek, 2009). Root aeration: adventitious root formation at the third internode in deepwater rice without (left) and with (right) ethephon treatment (Mergemann and Sauter, 2000); and increased lysigenous aerenchyma after 14 d of stagnant waterlogging (Abiko et al., 2012). Radial oxygen loss barriers formed after 14 d of stagnant waterlogging include suberin deposition in cell walls of hypodermal/exodermal layers and lignin deposition on outer epidermis. Z. nicaraguensis root images are 60 mm from the tip of an adventitious root. Leaf gas films cling to the surface of leaves of many semiaquatic species (Winkel et al., 2011).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Network of the regulation of submergence and waterlogging growth, adaptation, and metabolic responses by ethylene, low oxygen, ROS, and NO. Elongation growth is controlled by GA-mediated pathways, which act downstream of ethylene and ABA. In rice group VII ERFs, SK1 and SK2 positively regulate internode elongation, presumably through the stimulation of GA-mediated starch consumption and elongation growth. Conversely, the rice group VII ERF SUB1A inhibits shoot elongation by maintaining levels of the transcription factors SLR1 and SLRL1 to counterbalance GA responsiveness. In some species, underwater elongation involves hyponastic growth or the upward curvature of the leaf petiole or blade. The development of adventitious roots and aerenchyma is regulated by ethylene and ROS. The presence of a thin gas film on underwater leaves helps maintain photosynthesis and, therefore, starch production. Oxygen deficiency dampens ATP energy levels. In germinating seeds of rice, CIPK15 promotes SnRK1 activity to enhance carbohydrate catabolism. Low-oxygen stress enhances the consumption of soluble carbohydrates in anaerobic reactions that generate ATP to maintain cellular homeostasis. In Arabidopsis, the up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism requires the stabilization of group VII ERFs. This occurs conditionally, as oxygen levels decline, by inhibition of the Arg/N branch of the N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis. All group VII ERFs of the Columbia-0 ecotype possess an N terminus that confers instability under aerated conditions and stability under oxygen deficiency. Orange, hormones/signaling molecules; green, physiological changes; purple, proteins/pathways; blue, metabolic components.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Abiko T, Kotula L, Shiono K, Malik AI, Colmer TD, Nakazono M. (2012) Enhanced formation of aerenchyma and induction of a barrier to radial oxygen loss in adventitious roots of Zea nicaraguensis contribute to its waterlogging tolerance as compared with maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). Plant Cell Environ 35: 1618–1630 - PubMed
    1. Akman M, Bhikharie AV, McLean EH, Boonman A, Visser EJ, Schranz ME, van Tienderen PH. (2012) Wait or escape? Contrasting submergence tolerance strategies of Rorippa amphibia, Rorippa sylvestris and their hybrid. Ann Bot (Lond) 109: 1263–1276 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Angaji SA, Septiningsih EM, Mackill DJ, Ismail AM. (2010) QTLs associated with tolerance of flooding during germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Euphytica 172: 159–168
    1. Arshad RR, Shafi S. (2010) Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment. Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Islamabad, Pakistan
    1. Baena-González E. (2010) Energy signaling in the regulation of gene expression during stress. Mol Plant 3: 300–313 - PubMed

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