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Review
. 2012 Nov;61(11):2661-8.
doi: 10.2337/db12-0271.

Muscle perfusion: its measurement and role in metabolic regulation

Eugene J Barrett  1 , Stephen Rattigan
Affiliations
Review

Muscle perfusion: its measurement and role in metabolic regulation

Eugene J Barrett et al. Diabetes. 2012 Nov.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Measurement of the limb balance for any given substrate or hormone is simply obtained from the measurement of flow (F) to the limb or, preferably, directly to skeletal muscle multiplied by the arterial minus venous concentration difference. It is important to know whether the substrate under study partitions only to the plasma compartment or to the erythrocyte water and how quickly this occurs. For example, in humans the balance for glucose requires use of the product of blood flow and arterial minus venous concentration difference in whole blood, while for FFAs the calculation of limb balance is the product of plasma flow and the plasma FFA concentration difference between the artery and vein. (A high-quality color representation of this figure is available in the online issue.)
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
A schematic (upper panel) and example of immunohistochemical-stained microcirculation of the spinotrapezius muscle of the rat. The capillaries line up longitudinally along the muscle fibers. Larger terminal arterioles (blue arrow, lower panel) cross the fiber from top to bottom, as do the draining venules (white arrows). Multiple capillaries branch off each arteriole and venule. (A high-quality digital representation of this figure is available in the online issue.)
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Upper panel: Summary of the pathway by which insulin binds to and activates its receptor, thereby enhancing signaling through the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3-K) Akt pathway to phosphorylate endothelial NOS (eNOS) and increase its enzymatic activity, augmenting the production of NO. NO can readily diffuse to nearby smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and act both to increase the production of cyclic GMP and to directly nitrosylate specific proteins to promote smooth muscle relaxation. Lower panel: Effect of this relaxation on resistance and terminal arterioles is illustrated. Relaxing the former can increase overall blood flow, while relaxing the latter increases the number of capillaries perfused within the tissue (indicated by the increased numbers of red capillaries in the right panel) at any one time. It should be noted that this is a dynamic process, and because of flowmotion, the particular capillaries that are perfused at any time will vary over time scales from 2 to 40 s. IRS, insulin receptor substrate.
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