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. 2012;12(8):10639-58.
doi: 10.3390/s120810639. Epub 2012 Aug 3.

Hyperspectral analysis of soil nitrogen, carbon, carbonate, and organic matter using regression trees

Stephan Gmur  1 , Daniel Vogt, Darlene Zabowski, L Monika Moskal
Affiliations

Hyperspectral analysis of soil nitrogen, carbon, carbonate, and organic matter using regression trees

Stephan Gmur et al. Sensors (Basel). 2012.

Abstract

The characterization of soil attributes using hyperspectral sensors has revealed patterns in soil spectra that are known to respond to mineral composition, organic matter, soil moisture and particle size distribution. Soil samples from different soil horizons of replicated soil series from sites located within Washington and Oregon were analyzed with the FieldSpec Spectroradiometer to measure their spectral signatures across the electromagnetic range of 400 to 1,000 nm. Similarity rankings of individual soil samples reveal differences between replicate series as well as samples within the same replicate series. Using classification and regression tree statistical methods, regression trees were fitted to each spectral response using concentrations of nitrogen, carbon, carbonate and organic matter as the response variables. Statistics resulting from fitted trees were: nitrogen R(2) 0.91 (p < 0.01) at 403, 470, 687, and 846 nm spectral band widths, carbonate R(2) 0.95 (p < 0.01) at 531 and 898 nm band widths, total carbon R(2) 0.93 (p < 0.01) at 400, 409, 441 and 907 nm band widths, and organic matter R(2) 0.98 (p < 0.01) at 300, 400, 441, 832 and 907 nm band widths. Use of the 400 to 1,000 nm electromagnetic range utilizing regression trees provided a powerful, rapid and inexpensive method for assessing nitrogen, carbon, carbonate and organic matter for upper soil horizons in a nondestructive method.

Keywords: ASD; Oregon; Washington; soil horizons.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Generalized workflow used in this study showing steps taken to chemically and spectrally analyze the soil samples and then create models to predict the concentrations of the soil's total carbon, total nitrogen, carbonate carbon and organic matter.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Sites across Washington and Oregon highlighting the approximate locations of where soils were obtained for this study.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Complete soil electromagnetic spectrum derived from an ASD HandHeld FieldSpec spectroradiometer and the spectral band width regions used within the spectral analysis of the selected soils.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Plots of the spectral signatures by individual soil series: (a) Athena, (b) Bashaw, (c) Ephrata, (d) Jonas, (e) Lickskillet, and (f) SageHill.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Scatterplot and fitted line of actual values and predicted values from the regression tree for percent total nitrogen of the soil samples (R2 = 0.91, p < 0.01, n = 38).
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Scatterplot and fitted line of actual values and predicted values from the regression tree for percent carbonate of the soil samples (R2 = 0.96 p < 0.01, n = 38).
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Scatterplot and fitted line of actual values and predicted values from the regression tree for percent total carbon (organic carbon plus carbonate carbon) of the soil samples (R2 = 0.93 p < 0.01, n = 38).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Scatterplot and fitted line of actual values and predicted values from the regression tree for percent organic matter of the soil samples (R2 = 0.98 p < 0.01, n = 38).
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