[Mammalian telomere biology]

Abstract

Review is devoted to detailed consideration of the functioning in normal and immortal cells of one of the main chromosomal regions, telomeres, being dynamic nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protecting them from degradation and end-to-end fusion. The role of telomeres in maintenance of genome stability and cell division was also analyzed. Telomere function depends on many interrelated parameters such as telomerase activity, status of the telomere safety complex shelterin and telomere associated proteins (factors of replication, recombination, and reparation of DNA breaks, and so on). We have focused on mechanisms of telomere length control in normal and immortal cells as well as in cells containing active telomerase and cells wherein it is absent. We have analyzed the features attributed to alternative telomere lengthening, namely in view of recently discovered additional mechanism of telomere shortening by trimming of t-cycles. We have viewed a possibility of expression in normal mammalian cells of both telomerase dependent and recombinational ways of telomere length control and the role of shelterin proteins in choice of the one of them as the dominant way. The role oftelomeres in spatial organization of nucleus, in mitosis and meiosis has been also considered. Diversity of telomere organization in mammalians including unusual telomeres in Iberian shrews has been discussed.