The Colletotrichum boninense species complex

Abstract

Although only recently described, Colletotrichum boninense is well established in literature as an anthracnose pathogen or endophyte of a diverse range of host plants worldwide. It is especially prominent on members of Amaryllidaceae, Orchidaceae, Proteaceae and Solanaceae. Reports from literature and preliminary studies using ITS sequence data indicated that C. boninense represents a species complex. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, CAL) of 86 strains previously identified as C. boninense and other related strains revealed 18 clades. These clades are recognised here as separate species, including C. boninense s. str., C. hippeastri, C. karstii and 12 previously undescribed species, C. annellatum, C. beeveri, C. brassicicola, C. brasiliense, C. colombiense, C. constrictum, C. cymbidiicola, C. dacrycarpi, C. novae-zelandiae, C. oncidii, C. parsonsiae and C. torulosum. Seven of the new species are only known from New Zealand, perhaps reflecting a sampling bias. The new combination C. phyllanthi was made, and C. dracaenae Petch was epitypified and the name replaced with C. petchii. Typical for species of the C. boninense species complex are the conidiogenous cells with rather prominent periclinal thickening that also sometimes extend to form a new conidiogenous locus or annellations as well as conidia that have a prominent basal scar. Many species in the C. boninense complex form teleomorphs in culture.

Taxonomic novelties: New combination - Colletotrichum phyllanthi (H. Surendranath Pai) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. Name replacement - C. petchii Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. New species - C. annellatum Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, C. beeveri Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. brassicicola Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, C. brasiliense Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous & Massola, C. colombiense Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, C. constrictum Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. cymbidiicola Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. dacrycarpi Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. novae-zelandiae Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. oncidii Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, C. parsonsiae Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. torulosum Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir. Typifications: Epitypifications - C. dracaenae Petch.

Keywords: Ascomycota; Colletotrichum boninense; Glomerella; anthracnose; phylogeny; systematics.

Fig. 1.

One of 958 most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search of the combined ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, ACT, HIS3, TUB2 and CAL sequences alignment of the Colletotrichum boninense species complex. Bootstrap support values (500 replicates) above 70 % (bold) and Bayesian posterior probability values above 0.95 are shown at the nodes. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides CBS 112999 is used as outgroup. Numbers of ex-type and ex-epitype strains are emphasised in bold.

Fig. 2.

Colletotrichum annellatum (from ex-holotype strain CBS 129826). A–B. Conidiomata. C–E. Conidiophores. F. Basis of seta and conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H–I. Conidiophores. J–K. Conidia. L–M. Ascomata. N. Ascospores. O. Paraphyses. P–R. Asci. S. Peridium in cross section. T. Outer surface of peridium. A, C–E, J. from Anthriscus stem; B, F–I, K–T. from SNA. A–B, L. Dissecting microscope (DM), C–K, M–T. Differential interference contrast illumination (DIC), Scale bars: A, L = 100 μm, M = 50 μm, C, N = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of C applies to C–K. Scale bar of N applies to N–T.

Fig. 3.

Colletotrichum beeveri (from ex-holotype strain CBS 128527). A–B. Conidiomata. C.Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H. Basis of seta. I–K. Conidiophores. L–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. A, C–F, Q. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–P, R. from SNA. A–B, DM, C–R. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R.

Fig. 4.

Colletotrichum boninense. A–B. Conidiomata. C–D. Conidiophores. E–F. Setae. G. Tip of seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S–T. Ascomata. U. Paraphyses. V–W. Apical regions of asci. X–Y. Asci. Z, AA–AB. Ascospores. AC. Outer surface of peridium. A–R. from ex-holotype strain CBS 123755. S–AC. from strain CBS 123756. A, C–E, Q. from Anthriscus stem. B, F–P, R. from SNA. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–AC. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 μm, T = 25 μm, D, U = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–R. Scale bar of U applies to U–AC.

Fig. 5.

Colletotrichum brasiliense (from ex-holotype strain CBS 128501). A–B. Conidiomata. C.Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H–I. Conidiophores. J–O. Appressoria. P–Q. Conidia. A, C–F, P. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–O, Q. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–Q. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–Q.

Fig. 6.

Colletotrichum brassicicola (from ex-holotype strain CBS 101059). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Setae. D–H. Conidiophores. I. Seta and conidiophores. J–O. Appressoria. P–Q. Conidia. R–S. Ascomata. T. Conidia formed in closed conidiomata. U. Ascospores. V. Asci and paraphyses. W. Apical region of an ascus. X. Paraphyses. Y. Outer surface of peridium. Z. Peridium in cross section. A, C–E, P, R–S, U–Z. from Anthriscus stem. B, F–O, Q. from SNA. T. from filter paper. A–B, R. DM, C–Q, T–Z. DIC, Scale bars: A, R = 100 μm, S = 50 μm, D, T = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–Q. Scale bar of T applies to T–Z.

Fig. 7.

Colletotrichum colombiense (from ex-holotype strain CBS 129818). A–B. Conidiomata. C.Tips of setae. D. Bases of setae. E–K. Conidiophores. L–O. Appressoria. P–Q. Conidia. A, C–G, P. from Anthriscus stem. B, H–K, Q. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–Q. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–Q.

Fig. 8.

Colletotrichum constrictum (from ex-holotype strain CBS 128504). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H. Basis of seta. I–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S–T. Ascomata. U. Outer surface of peridium. V. Peridium in cross section. W. Ascospores. X–AA. Asci. AB–AC. Apical regions of asci. AD. Paraphyses. A, C–F, Q, S, Z–AC. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–P, R, T–Y, AD. from SNA. A–B, S–T. DM, C–R, U–AD. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B, S = 100 μm, E, U = 10 μm. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of S applies to S–T. Scale bar of U applies to U–AD.

Fig. 9.

Colletotrichum cymbidiicola (from ex-holotype strain IMI 347923). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tips of setae. D. Bases of setae. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H. Basis of seta. I–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S, W. Ascomata. T. Peridium in cross section. U–V. Ascospores. X. Apical regions of asci. Y. Paraphyses. Z–AB. Asci. A, C–F, Q, U, X–AA. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–P, R, T, V–W, AB. from SNA. S. from filter paper. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–AB. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 μm, W = 50 μm, E, T = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of T applies to T–V and X–AB.

Fig. 10.

Colletotrichum dacrycarpi (from ex-holotype strain CBS 130241). A–B. Conidiomata. C–E. Conidiophores. F–G. Conidia. A, C, F. from Anthriscus stem. B, D–E, G. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–G. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B = 200 μm, C = 10 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–Q.

Fig. 11.

Colletotrichum hippeastri (from ex-holotype strain CBS 125377). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Conidiophores. D. Tip of seta. E. Basis of seta. F–H. Conidiophores. I–L. Appressoria. M–N. Conidia. A, C–F, M. from Anthriscus stem. B, F–L, N. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–N. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B = 200 μm, C = 10 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–Q.

Fig. 12.

Colletotrichum karstii (from strain CBS 127597). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–I. Conidiophores. J–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. Q–R. Ascomata. S. Outer surface of peridium. T. Peridium in cross section. U. Ascospores. V–X. Asci. Y. Paraphyses. A, C–F, O. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–N, P–Y. from SNA. A–B, Q. DM, C–P, R–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B, Q = 100 μm, R = 50 μm, E, S = 10 μm. Scale bar of E applies to C–P. Scale bar of S applies to S–Y.

Fig. 13.

Colletotrichum novae-zelandiae (from ex-holotype strain CBS 128505). A–B. Conidiomata. C–E. Conidiophores. F. Tip of seta. G. Basis of seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–Q. Appressoria. R–S. Conidia. A, C–G, R. from Anthriscus stem. B, H–Q, S. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–S. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 μm, C = 10 μm, L = 25 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of C applies to C–J and R–S. Scale bar of L applies to K–Q.

Fig. 14.

Colletotrichum oncidii (from ex-holotype strain CBS 129828). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Tip of seta. I. Basis of seta. J–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. A, C–D, O. from Anthriscus stem. B, E–N, P. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–P. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm, J = 25 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–I and O–P. Scale bar of J applies to J–N.

Fig. 15.

Colletotrichum parsonsiae (from ex-holotype strain CBS 128525). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Setae. D–E. Conidiophores. F. Tip of seta. G. Basis of seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. Q. Ascomata. R. Outer surface of peridium. S–T. Apical region of ascus. U. Ascospores. V–X. Asci. Y. Paraphyses. A, C–E, O, Q. from Anthriscus stem. B, F–N, P, R–Y. from SNA. A–B, Q. DM, C–P, R–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A, Q = 100 μm, D, R = 10 μm, K = 25 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–J and O–P. Scale bar of K applies to K–N. Scale bar of R applies to R–Y.

Fig. 16.

Colletotrichum petchii (from ex-epitype strain CBS 378.94). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S. Ascomata. T. Outer surface of peridium. U. Paraphysis. V. Ascospores. W–Y. Asci. A, C–F, Q, S–T, V, Y. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–P, R, U, W–X. from SNA. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 μm, E, T = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of T applies to T–Y.

Fig. 17.

Colletotrichum torulosum. A–B. Conidiomata. C. Setae. D–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H. Conidiophores. I–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. A–B, D–P. from ex-holotype strain CBS 128544. C. from strain CBS 102667. A, C–F, O. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–N, P. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–P. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, D = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–P.