Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2012 Nov 14;11(11):CD007407.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007407.pub3.

Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults

Amanda C de C Williams  1 , Christopher Eccleston, Stephen Morley
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults

Amanda C de C Williams et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Psychological treatments are designed to treat pain, distress and disability, and are in common practice. This review updates and extends the 2009 version of this systematic review.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of psychological therapies for chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults, compared with treatment as usual, waiting list control, or placebo control, for pain, disability, mood and catastrophic thinking.

Search methods: We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological therapy by searching CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Psychlit from the beginning of each abstracting service until September 2011. We identified additional studies from the reference lists of retrieved papers and from discussion with investigators.

Selection criteria: Full publications of RCTs of psychological treatments compared with an active treatment, waiting list or treatment as usual. We excluded studies if the pain was primarily headache, or was associated with a malignant disease. We also excluded studies if the number of patients in any treatment arm was less than 20.

Data collection and analysis: Forty-two studies met our criteria and 35 (4788 participants) provided data. Two authors rated all studies. We coded risk of bias as well as both the quality of the treatments and the methods using a scale designed for the purpose. We compared two main classes of treatment (cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT) and behaviour therapy) with two control conditions (treatment as usual; active control) at two assessment points (immediately following treatment and six months or more following treatment), giving eight comparisons. For each comparison, we assessed treatment effectiveness on four outcomes: pain, disability, mood and catastrophic thinking, giving a total of 32 possible analyses, of which there were data for 25.

Main results: Overall there is an absence of evidence for behaviour therapy, except a small improvement in mood immediately following treatment when compared with an active control. CBT has small positive effects on disability and catastrophising, but not on pain or mood, when compared with active controls. CBT has small to moderate effects on pain, disability, mood and catastrophising immediately post-treatment when compared with treatment as usual/waiting list, but all except a small effect on mood had disappeared at follow-up. At present there are insufficient data on the quality or content of treatment to investigate their influence on outcome. The quality of the trial design has improved over time but the quality of treatments has not.

Authors' conclusions: Benefits of CBT emerged almost entirely from comparisons with treatment as usual/waiting list, not with active controls. CBT but not behaviour therapy has weak effects in improving pain, but only immediately post-treatment and when compared with treatment as usual/waiting list. CBT but not behaviour therapy has small effects on disability associated with chronic pain, with some maintenance at six months. CBT is effective in altering mood and catastrophising outcomes, when compared with treatment as usual/waiting list, with some evidence that this is maintained at six months. Behaviour therapy has no effects on mood, but showed an effect on catastrophising immediately post-treatment. CBT is a useful approach to the management of chronic pain. There is no need for more general RCTs reporting group means: rather, different types of studies and analyses are needed to identify which components of CBT work for which type of patient on which outcome/s, and to try to understand why.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Following discussions with the Cochrane Funding Arbiter in 2015/16, we have revised and expanded our declarations of interest to fully comply with the updated Cochrane Commercial Sponsorship Policy (see http://community‐archive.cochrane.org/organisational‐policy‐manual/appendix‐5‐commercial‐sponsorship‐policy).

ACdeCW: UCL London received payment from Astellas Pharma Europe for her to speak about the psychology of pain at a general pain meeting in 2015. She is an author of an included study but was not involved in the data extraction or ratings of bias and quality.

CE attended a meeting of IMMPACT in 2011, an organisation that develops outcome measures and consults on analgesic trial design. IMMPACT receives arm's length funding from numerous pharmacological, charitable, and Governmental bodies (including the FDA). Research funding unrelated to this study was received by the University of Bath Centre for Pain Research from Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare during this review production. Since CE is an author as well as the PaPaS Co‐ordinating Editor at the time of writing, we acknowledge the input of Andrew Moore who acted as Sign Off Editor for this review. CE had no input into the editorial decisions or processes for this review.

SJM: none known.

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 1 Pain.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 2 Disability.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 3 Mood.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Alaranta 1994 {published data only}
    1. Alaranta H, Rytokoski U, Rissanen A, Talo S, Ronnemaa T, Puukka P, et al. Intensive physical and psychosocial training program for patients with chronic low back pain. A controlled clinical trial. Spine 1994;19:1339‐49. - PubMed
Altmaier 1992 {published data only}
    1. Altmaier EM, Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Weinstein JN, Kao CF. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for the rehabilitation of low back pain: a randomized controlled trial evaluation. Pain 1992;49:329‐35. - PubMed
Basler 1997 {published data only}
    1. Basler HD, Jakle C, Kroner‐Herwig B. Incorporation of cognitive‐behavioral treatment into the medical care of chronic low back patients: a controlled randomized study in German pain treatment centers. Patient Education & Counseling 1997;31:113‐24. - PubMed
Bliokas 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bliokas VV, Cartmill TK, Nagy BJ. Does systematic graded exposure in vivo enhance outcomes in multidisciplinary chronic pain management groups?. Clinical Journal of Pain 2007;23:361‐74. - PubMed
Buckelew 1998 {published data only}
    1. Buckelew SP, Conway R, Parker J, Deuser WE, Read J, Witty TE, et al. Biofeedback/relaxation training and exercise interventions for fibromyalgia: a prospective trial. Arthritis Care and Research 1998;11:196‐209. - PubMed
De Souza 2008 {published data only}
    1. Souza JB, Bourgault P, Charest J, Marchand S. Interactional School of Fibromyalgia: learning to cope with pain ‐ a randomized controlled study [Escola Inter‐relacional de Fibromialgia: aprendendo a lidar com a dor ‐ estudo clinico randomizado]. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 2008;48:218‐25.
Ehrenborg 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ehrenborg C, Archenholtz B. Is surface EMG biofeedback an effective training method for persons with neck and shoulder complaints after whiplash‐associated disorders concerning activities of daily living and pain ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010;24:715‐26. - PubMed
Ersek 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ersek M, Turner JA, Cain KC, Kemp CA. Results of a randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of a chronic pain self‐management group for older adults [ISRCTN11899548]. Pain 2008;138:29‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Evers 2002 {published data only}
    1. Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, Riel PL, Jong AJ. Tailored cognitive‐behavioral therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis for patients at risk: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2002;100:141‐53. - PubMed
Falcao 2008 {published data only}
    1. Falcão DM, Sales L, Leite JR, Feldman D, Valim V, Natour J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2008;16:133‐40.
Geraets 2005 {published data only}
    1. Geraets J, Goossens M, Bruijn CPC, Groot IJM, Koke AJS, Pelt R, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of a graded exercise therapy program for patients with chronic shoulder complaints. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2006;22:76‐83. - PubMed
    1. Geraets J, Goossens M, Groot IJM, Bruijn CPC, Bie RA, Dinant GJ, et al. Effectiveness of a graded exercise therapy program for patients with chronic shoulder complaints. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2005;51:87‐94. - PubMed
    1. Geraets JJ, Goossens ME de Bruijn CP, Koke AJ, Bie RA, Pelt RAGB, et al. A behavioural treatment for chronic shoulder complaints: concepts, development, and study design. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2005;50:33‐8. - PubMed
Glombiewski 2010b {published data only}
    1. Glombiewski JA, Hartwich‐Tersek J, Rief W. Two psychological interventions are effective in severely disabled, chronic back pain patients: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2009;17:97‐107. - PubMed
Greco 2004 {published data only}
    1. Greco CM, Rudy TE, Manzi S. Effects of a stress‐reduction program on psychological function, pain, and physical function of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;51:625‐34. - PubMed
Haldorsen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Haldorsen EM, Kronholm K, Skouen JS, Ursin H. Multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment of patients sicklisted for musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1998;27:16‐25. - PubMed
Hammond 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hammond A, Freeman K. One‐year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of an educational‐behavioural joint protection programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2001;40:1044‐51. - PubMed
    1. Hammond A, Freeman K. The long‐term outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of an educational‐behavioural joint protection programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18:520‐8. - PubMed
Jensen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Jensen IB, Bergstrom G, Ljungquist T, Bodin L. A 3‐year follow‐up of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for back and neck pain. Pain 2005;115:273‐83. - PubMed
Jensen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jensen IB, Bergstroem G, Ljungquist T, Bodin L, Nygren AL. A randomized controlled component analysis of a behavioral medicine rehabilitation program for chronic spinal pain: are the effects dependent on gender?. Pain 2001;91:65‐78. - PubMed
    1. Jensen IB, Bergstrom G, Ljungquist T, Bodin L. A 3‐year follow‐up of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for back and neck pain. Pain 2005;115:273‐83. - PubMed
Kaapa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kaapa EH, Frantsi K, Sarna S, Malmivaara A. Multidisciplinary group rehabilitation versus individual physiotherapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized trial. Spine 2006;31:371‐6. - PubMed
Keefe 1990 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Williams DA, Gil KM, Mitchell D, Robertson C, et al. Pain coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain: II. Follow‐up results. Behavior Therapy 1990;21:435‐47.
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Williams DA, Gil KM, Mitchell D, Robertson C, et al. Pain coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain: a comparative study. Behavior Therapy 1990;21:49‐62.
Keefe 1996 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, et al. Spouse‐assisted coping skills training in the management of knee pain in osteoarthritis: long‐term follow up results. Pain 1999;12:49‐62. - PubMed
    1. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, et al. Spouse‐assisted coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Arthritis Care and Research 1996;9:279‐91. - PubMed
Kole‐Snijders 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kole‐Snijders AM, Vlaeyen JW, Goossens ME, Rutten‐van Moelken MP, Heuts PH, Breukelen G, et al. Chronic low‐back pain: what does cognitive coping skills training add to operant behavioral treatment? Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67:931‐44. - PubMed
    1. Spinhoven P, ter Kuile M, Kole‐Snijders AMJ, Mansfield MH, Ouden D‐J, Vlaeyen JWS. Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain 2004;8:211‐9. - PubMed
Kraaimaat 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kraaimaat FW, Brons MR, Geenen R, Bijlsma JWJ. The effect of cognitive behavior therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995;33:487‐95. - PubMed
Leeuw 2008 {published data only}
    1. Leeus M, Goossens MEJB, Breukelen GJP, Jong JR, Heuts PHTG, Smeets RJEM, et al. Exposure in vivo versus operant graded activity in chronic low back pain patients: results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2008;138(1):192‐207. - PubMed
Lindell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lindell O, Johansson S‐E, Strender L‐E. Subacute and chronic, non‐specific back and neck pain: cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitation versus primary care. A randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;9:172‐89. - PMC - PubMed
Litt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Litt MD, Shafer DM, Ibanez CR, Kreutzer DL, Tawfik‐Yonkers Z. Momentary pain and coping in temporomandibular disorder pain: exploring mechanisms of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronic pain. Pain 2009;145:160‐8. - PMC - PubMed
McCarberg 1999 {published data only}
    1. McCarberg B, Wolf J. Chronic pain management in a health maintenance organization. Clinical Journal of Pain 1999;15:50‐7. - PubMed
Mishra 2000 {published data only}
    1. Mishra KD, Gatchel RJ, Gardea MA. The relative efficacy of three cognitive‐behavioral treatment approaches to temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2000;23:293‐309. - PubMed
Nicassio 1997 {published data only}
    1. Nicassio PM, Radojevic V, Weisman MH, Schuman C, Kim J, Schoenfeld‐Smith K, et al. A comparison of behavioral and educational interventions for fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology 1997;24:2000‐7. - PubMed
Parker 1988 {published data only}
    1. Parker JC, Frank RG, Beck NC, Smarr KL, Buesher KL, Phillips LR, et al. Pain management in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A cognitive behavioural approach. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1988;31:593‐601. - PubMed
Puder 1988 {published data only}
    1. Puder RS. Age analysis of cognitive‐behavioral group therapy for chronic pain outpatients. Psychology and Aging 1988;3:204‐7. - PubMed
Schmidt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt S, Grossman P, Schwarzer B, Jena S, Naumann J, Walach H. Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness‐based stress reduction: results from a 3‐armed randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:361‐9. - PubMed
Smeets 2006 {published data only}
    1. Smeets R, Vlaeyen JWS, Hidding A, Kester ADM, Heijden G, Geel ACM, et al. Active rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: cognitive‐behavioral, physical, or both? First direct post‐treatment results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006;7:1‐16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smeets R, Vlaeyen JWS, Kester ADM, Knottnerus JA. Reduction of pain catastrophizing mediates the outcome of both physical and cognitive‐behavioral treatment in chronic low back pain. Journal of Pain 2006;7:261‐71. - PubMed
    1. Smeets RJEM, Vlaeyen JWS, Hidding A, Kester ADM, Heijden GJMG, Knottnerus JA. Chronic low back pain: physical training, graded activity with problem solving training, or both? The one‐year post‐treatment results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2008;134:263‐76. - PubMed
Strauss 1986 {published data only}
    1. Strauss GD, Spiegel JS, Daniels M, Speigel T, Landsverk J, Roy‐Byne P, et al. Group therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled study of two approaches. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1986;29(10):1203‐9. - PubMed
Thieme 2003 {published data only}
    1. Thieme K, Gromnica‐Ihle E, Flor H. Operant behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia: a controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49:314‐20. - PubMed
Thorsell 2011 {published data only}
    1. Thorsell J, Finnes A, Dahl J, Lundgren T, Gybrant M, Gordh T, et al. A comparative study of two manual‐based self‐help interventions, acceptance and commitment therapy and applied relaxation, for persons with chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 2011;27:716‐23. - PubMed
Turner 1988 {published data only}
    1. Turner JA, Clancy S. Comparison of operant behavioral and cognitive‐behavioral group treatment for chronic low back pain. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 1988;56:261‐6. - PubMed
Turner 2006 {published data only}
    1. Turner JA, Mancl L, Aaron LA. Short‐ and long‐term efficacy of brief cognitive‐behavioral therapy for patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Pain 2006;121:181‐94. - PubMed
Van Koulil 2010 {published data only}
    1. Koulil S, Lankveld W, Kraaimaat FW, Helmond T, Vedder A, Hoorn H, et al. Tailored cognitive‐behavioral therapy and exercise training for high‐risk patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care and Research 2010;62:1377‐85. - PubMed
Vlaeyen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Vlaeyen JW, Teeken‐Gruben NJ, Goossens ME, Rutten‐van Molken MP, Pelt RA, Eek H, et al. Cognitive‐educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. I. Clinical effects. Journal of Rheumatology 1996;23:1237‐45. - PubMed
Wetherell 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wetherell JL, Afari N, Rutledge T, Sorrell JT, Stoddard JA, Petkus AJ, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive‐behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Pain 2011;152:2098‐107. - PubMed
Williams 1996 {published data only}
    1. Williams A, Richardson P, Nicholas M, Pither C, Harding VR, Ridout KL, et al. Inpatient vs. outpatient pain management: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 1996;66:13‐22. - PubMed
Zautra 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zautra AJ, Davis MC, Reich JW, Nicassio P, Tennen H, Finan P, et al. Comparison of cognitive behavioral and mindfulness meditation interventions on adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis for patients with and without history of recurrent depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008;76:408‐21. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbott 2010 {published data only}
    1. Abbott AD, Tyni‐Lenne R, Hedlund R. Early rehabilitation targeting cognition, behavior, and motor function after lumbar fusion: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2010;35(8):845‐57. - PubMed
Abrahamsen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Abrahamsen R, Baad‐Hansen L, Svensson P. Hypnosis in the management of persistent idiopathic orofacial pain ‐ clinical and psychosocial findings. Pain 2008;136:44‐52. - PubMed
Appelbaum 1988 {published data only}
    1. Appelbaum KA, Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Alfonso M. Cognitive behavioral treatment of a veteran population with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. Behavior Therapy 1988;19:489‐502.
Asenlof 2005 {published data only}
    1. Asenlof P, Denison E, Lindberg P. Individually tailored treatment targeting activity, motor behavior, and cognition reduces pain‐related disability: a randomized controlled trial in patients with musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Pain 2005;6:588‐603. - PubMed
Astin 2003 {published data only}
    1. Astin JA, Berman BM, Bausell B, Lee WL, Hochberg M, Forys KL. The efficacy of mindfulness meditation plus Qigong movement therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30:2257‐62. - PubMed
Babu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Babu AS, Mathew E, Danda D, Prakesh H. Management of patients with fibromyalgia using biofeedback: a randomized control trial. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;61:445‐61. - PubMed
Becker 2000 {published data only}
    1. Becker N, Sjogren P, Bech P, Olsen AK, Eriksen J. Treatment outcome of chronic non‐malignant pain patients managed in a Danish multidisciplinary pain centre compared to general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2000;84:203‐11. - PubMed
Bendix 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bendix A, Bendix T, Lund C, Kirkbak S, Ostenfeld S. Comparison of three intensive programs for chronic low back pain patients. A prospective, randomized, observer‐blinded study with one‐year follow‐up. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1997;29:81‐9. - PubMed
Bradley 1987 {published data only}
    1. Bradley LA, Young LD, Anderson KO, Turner RA, Agudelo CA, McDaniel LK, et al. Effects of psychological therapy on pain behavior of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Treatment outcome and six‐month follow up. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1987;30:1105‐14. - PubMed
Broderick 2004 {published data only}
    1. Broderick JE, Stone AA, Smyth JM, Kaell AT. The feasibility and effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention for rheumatoid arthritis via home‐based videotaped instructions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2004;27:50‐9. - PubMed
Brox 2003 {published data only}
    1. Brox J, Sorensen I, Friis R, Nygaard A, Indahl O, Keller A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patient with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. Spine 2003;28:1913‐21. - PubMed
Buhrman 2004 {published data only}
    1. Buhrman M, Faltenhag S, Strom L, Andersson G. Controlled trial of Internet‐based treatment with telephone support for chronic back pain. Pain 2004;111:368‐77. - PubMed
Carson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Carson JW, Keefe FJ, Lynch TR, Carson KM, Goli V, Fras AM, et al. Loving‐kindness meditation for chronic low back pain: results from a pilot trial. Journal of Holistic Nursing 2005;23:287‐304. - PubMed
Carson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Carson JW, Carson KM, Jones KD, Bennett RM, Wright CL, Mist SD. A pilot randomized controlled trial of the Yoga of Awareness program in the management of fibromyalgia. Pain 2010;151:530‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Castel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Castel A, Salvat M, Sala J, Rull M. Cognitive‐behavioural group treatment with hypnosis: a randomized pilot trial in fibromyalgia. Contemporary Hypnosis 2009;26:48‐59.
Christiansen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen S, Oettingen G, Dahme B, Klinger R. A short goal‐pursuit intervention to improve physical capacity: a randomized clinical trial in chronic back pain patients. Pain 2010;149:444‐52. - PubMed
Cook 1998 {published data only}
    1. Cook AJ. Cognitive‐behavioral pain management for elderly nursing home residents. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1998;53B:51‐9. - PubMed
Corrado 2003 {published data only}
    1. Corrado PE, Gottlieb H, Abdelhamid MH. The effect of biofeedback and relaxation training on anxiety and somatic complaints in chronic pain patients. American Journal of Pain Management 2003;13:133‐9.
Currie 2000 {published data only}
    1. Currie SR, Wilson KG, Pontefract AJ, deLaplante L. Cognitive‐behavioral treatment of insomnia secondary to chronic pain. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2000;68:407‐16. - PubMed
Dahl 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dahl J, Wilson KG, Nilsson A. Acceptance and commitment therapy and the treatment of persons at risk for long‐term disability resulting from stress and pain symptoms: a preliminary randomized trial. Behavior Therapy 2004;35:785‐801.
Dalton 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dalton JA, Keefe FJ, Carlson J, Youngblood R. Tailoring cognitive‐behavioral treatment for cancer pain. Pain Management Nursing 2004;5:3‐18. - PubMed
de Sousa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sousa KS da FL, Orfale AG, Meireles SM, Leite JR, Natour J. Assessment of a biofeedback program to treat chronic low back pain. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2009;17(4):369‐77.
Dufour 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dufour N, Thamsborg G, Oefeldt A, Lundsgaard C, Stender S. Treatment of low back pain. A randomized clinical trial comparing group‐based multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation and intensive individual therapist‐assisted back muscle strengthening exercises. Spine 2010;35(5):469‐76. - PubMed
Dworkin 1994 {published data only}
    1. Dworkin SF, Turner JA, Wilson L, Massoth D, Whitney C, Huggins KH, et al. Brief group cognitive‐behavioral intervention for temporomandibular disorders. Pain 1994;59:175‐87. - PubMed
Dworkin 2002a {published data only}
    1. Dworkin SF, Turner JA, Mancl L, Wilson L, Massoth D, Huggins KH, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a tailored comprehensive care treatment program for temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Orofacial Pain 2002;16:259‐76. - PubMed
Dworkin 2002b {published data only}
    1. Dworkin SF, Huggins KH, Wilson L, Mancl L, Turner J, Massoth D, et al. A randomized clinical trial using research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders‐axis II to target clinic cases for a tailored self‐care TMD treatment program. Journal of Orofacial Pain 2002;16:48‐63. - PubMed
Edinger 2005 {published data only}
    1. Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Krystal AD, Rice JR. Behavioral insomnia therapy for fibromyalgia patients: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165:2527‐35. - PubMed
Ersek 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ersek M, Turner JA, McCurry SM, Gibbons L, Kraybill BM. Efficacy of a self‐management group intervention for elderly persons with chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 2003;19:156‐67. - PubMed
Esmer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Esmer G, Blum J, Rulf J, Pier J. Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for failed back surgery syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 2010;110:646‐52. - PubMed
Evans 2003 {published data only}
    1. Evans S, Fishman B, Spielman L, Haley A. Randomized trial of cognitive behavior therapy versus supportive psychotherapy for HIV‐related peripheral neuropathic pain. Psychosomatics 2003;44:44‐50. - PubMed
Fairbank 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fairbank J, Frost H, Wilson‐MacDonald J, Yu LM, Barker K, Collins R. Randomised controlled trial to compare surgical stabilisation of the lumbar spine with an intensive rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: the MRC spine stabilisation trial. BMJ 2005;330:1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rivero‐Arias O, Campbell H, Gray A, Fairbank J, Frost H, Wilson‐MacDonald J. Surgical stabilisation of the spine compared with a programme of intensive rehabilitation for the management of patients with chronic low back pain: cost utility analysis based on a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2005;330:1239‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Ferrari 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ferrari R, Fipaldini E, Birbaumer N. Individual characteristics and results of biofeedback training and operant treatment in patients with chronic pain [Caratteristiche individuali e risultati del biofeedback training e del trattamento operante in pazienti con dolore cronico]. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportmentale 2006;12:161‐79.
Flor 1993 {published data only}
    1. Flor H, Birbaumer N. Comparison of the efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback, cognitive‐behavioral therapy, and conservative medical interventions in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993;61:653‐8. - PubMed
Fors 2000 {published data only}
    1. Fors EA, Gotestam KG. Patient education, guided imagery and pain related talk in fibromyalgia coping. European Journal of Psychiatry 2000;14:233‐40.
Freeman 2002 {published data only}
    1. Freeman K, Hammond A, Lincoln N. Use of cognitive‐behavioural arthritis education programmes in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:828‐36. - PubMed
Garcia‐Campayo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Campayo J, Serrano‐Blanco A, Rodero B, Magallon R, Alda M, Andres E, et al. Effectiveness of the psychological and pharmacological treatment of catastrophization in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2009;10:24. - PMC - PubMed
George 2008 {published data only}
    1. George SZ, Zeppieri G, Cere AL, Cere MR, Borut MS, Hodges MJ, et al. A randomized trial of behavioral physical therapy interventions for acute and sub‐acute low back pain (NCT00373867). Pain 2008;140:145‐57. - PMC - PubMed
Glombiewski 2010a {published data only}
    1. Glombiewski JA, Hartwich‐Tersek J, Rief W. Depression in chronic back pain patients: prediction of pain intensity and pain disability in cognitive‐behavioral treatment. Psychosomatics 2010;51(2):130‐6. - PubMed
Haugstad 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haugstad GK, Haugstad TS, Kirste UM, Leganger S, Klemmetsen I, Malt UF. Mensendieck somatocognitive therapy as treatment approach to chronic pelvic pain: results of a randomized controlled intervention study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;194:1303‐10. - PubMed
Jensen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jensen MP, Barber J, Romano JM, Hanley MA, Raichle KA, Molton IR, et al. Effects of self‐hypnosis training and EMG biofeedback relaxation training on chronic pain in persons with spinal‐cord injury. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 2009;57:239‐68. - PMC - PubMed
Johansson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Johansson C, Dahl J, Jannert M, Melin L, Andersson G. Effects of a cognitive‐behavioral pain‐management program. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998;36:915‐30. - PubMed
Kapitza 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kapitza KP, Passie T, Bernateck M, Karst M. First non‐contingent respiratory biofeedback placebo versus contingent biofeedback in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled, double‐blind trial. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 2010;35:207‐17. - PubMed
Keefe 2004 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Blumenthal J, Baucom D, Affleck G, Waugh R, Caldwell DS, et al. Effects of spouse‐assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study. Pain 2004;110:539‐49. - PubMed
Keller 2004 {published data only}
    1. Keller A, Brox JI, Gunderson R, Holm I, Friis A, Reikeras O. Trunk muscle strength, cross‐sectional area, and density in patients with chronic low back pain randomized to lumbar fusion or cognitive intervention and exercises. Spine 2004;29:3‐8. - PubMed
Kerns 1986 {published data only}
    1. Kerns RD, Turk DC, Holzman AD, Rudy TE. Comparison of cognitive‐behavioral and behavioral approaches to the outpatient treatment of chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 1986;1:195‐203.
Kroenke 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kroenke K, Bair MJ, Damush TM, Wu J, Hoke S, Sutherland J, et al. Optimized antidepressant therapy and pain self‐management in primary care patients with depression and musculoskeletal pain. JAMA 2009;301:2099‐110. - PMC - PubMed
Lamb 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lamb SE, Hansen Z, Castelnuovo E, Withers EJ, Nichols V, Potter R, et al. on behalf of the Back Skills Training Trial Investigators. Group cognitive behavioural treatment for low‐back pain in primary care: a randomised controlled trial and cost‐effectiveness analysis. Lancet 2010;375:916‐23. - PubMed
Lambeek 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lambeek LC, Mechelen W, Buijs PC, Loisel P, Anema JR. An integrated care program to prevent work disability due to chronic low back pain: a process evaluation within a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2009;10:147‐56. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2006 {published data only}
    1. Li EJQ, Li‐Tsang CWP, Lam CS, Hui KYL, Chan CCH. The effect of a "training on work readiness" program for workers with musculoskeletal injuries: a randomized control trial (RCT) study. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2006;16:529‐41. - PubMed
Liedl 2011 {published data only}
    1. Liedl A, Müller J, Morina N, Karl A, Denke C, Knaevelsrud C. Physical activity within a CBT intervention improves coping with pain in traumatized refugees: results of a randomized controlled design. Pain Medicine 2011;12:234‐45. - PubMed
Linton 1984 {published data only}
    1. Linton SJ, Gotestam KG. A controlled study of the effects of applied relaxation plus operant procedures in the regulation of chronic pain. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984;23:291‐9. - PubMed
Linton 1985 {published data only}
    1. Linton SJ, Melin L, Stjernlof K. The effects of applied relaxation and operant activity on chronic pain. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1985;13:87‐100.
Linton 2001 {published data only}
    1. Linton SJ, Ryberg M. A cognitive‐behavioral group intervention as prevention for persistent neck and back pain in a non‐patient population: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2001;90:83‐90. - PubMed
Linton 2005 {published data only}
    1. Linton SJ, Boersma K, Jansson M, Svard L, Botvalde M. The effects of cognitive behavioural and physical therapy preventive interventions on pain related sick leave. Clinical Journal of Pain 2005;21:109‐19. - PubMed
Linton 2008 {published data only}
    1. Linton SJ, Boersma K, Jansson M, Overmeer T, Lindblom K, Vlaeyen JWS. A randomized controlled trial of exposure in vivo for patients with spinal pain reporting fear of work‐related activities. European Journal of Pain 2008;12:722‐30. - PubMed
Lorig 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Laurent DD, Plant K. The internet‐based arthritis self‐management program: a one‐year randomized trial for patients with arthritis or fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care and Research 2008;59:1009‐17. - PubMed
Machado 2007 {published data only}
    1. Machado LAC, Azevedo DC, Capanema MB, Neto TN, Cerceau DM. Client‐centered therapy vs exercise therapy for chronic low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial in Brazil. Pain Medicine 2007;8:251‐8. - PubMed
Marhold 2001 {published data only}
    1. Marhold C, Linton SJ, Melin L. A cognitive‐behavioral return‐to‐work program: effects on pain patients with a history of long‐term versus short‐term sick leave. Pain 2001;91:155‐63. - PubMed
Menzel 2006 {published data only}
    1. Menzel NN, Robinson ME. Back pain in direct patient care providers: early intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy. Pain Management Nursing 2006;7:55‐63. - PubMed
Moffett 2005 {published data only}
    1. Moffett JAK, Jackson DA, Richmond S, Hahn S, Coulton S, Farrin A. Randomised trial of a brief physiotherapy intervention compared with usual physiotherapy for neck pain patients: outcomes and patients' preference. BMJ 2005;330:75‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Moore 1985 {published data only}
    1. Moore JE, Chaney EF. Outpatient group treatment of chronic pain: effects of spouse involvement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985;53:326‐34. - PubMed
Moore 2000 {published data only}
    1. Moore JE, Korff M, Cherkin D, Saunders K, Lorig K. A randomized trial of a cognitive‐behavioral program for enhancing back pain self care in a primary care setting. Pain 2000;88:145‐53. - PubMed
Morone 2008 {published data only}
    1. Morone NE, Greco CM, Weiner DK. Mindfulness meditation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pain 2008;134:310‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Morone 2009 {published data only}
    1. Morone NE, Rollman BL, Moore CG, Qin L, Weiner DK. A mind‐body program for older adults with chronic low back pain: results of a pilot study. Pain Medicine 2009;10:1395‐407. - PMC - PubMed
Newton‐John 1995 {published data only}
    1. Newton‐John TO, Spence SH, Schotte D. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy versus EMG biofeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995;33:691‐7. - PubMed
Nicholas 1991 {published data only}
    1. Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J. Operant‐behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991;29:225‐38. - PubMed
Nicholas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J. Comparison of cognitive‐behavioral group treatment and an alternative non‐psychological treatment for chronic low back pain. Pain 1992;48:339‐47. - PubMed
O'Leary 1988 {published data only}
    1. O'Leary A, Shoor S, Lorig K, Holman HR. A cognitive‐behavioral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Health Psychology 1988;7:527‐44. - PubMed
Parker 2003 {published data only}
    1. Parker JC, Smarr KL, Slaughter JR, Johnston SK, Priesmeyer ML, Hanson KD, et al. Management of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a combined pharmacologic and cognitive‐behavioral approach. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49:766‐77. - PubMed
Peters 1990 {published data only}
    1. Peters J, Large RG, Elkind G. Follow‐up results from a randomised controlled trial evaluating in‐ and outpatient pain management programmes. Pain 1992;50:41‐50. - PubMed
    1. Peters JL, Large RG. A randomised control trial evaluating in‐ and outpatient pain management programmes. Pain 1990;41:283‐93. - PubMed
Radojevic 1992 {published data only}
    1. Radojevic V, Nicassio PM, Weisman MH. Behavioral intervention with and without family support for rheumatoid arthritis. Behavior Therapy 1992;23:13‐30.
Redondo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Redondo JR, Justo CM, Moraleda FV, Velayos YG, Puche JJ, Zubero JR, et al. Long‐term efficacy of therapy in patients with fibromyalgia: a physical exercise‐based program and a cognitive‐behavioral approach. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;51:184‐92. - PubMed
Rendant 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rendant D, Pach D, Ludtke R, Reisshauser A, Mietzner A, Willich SN, et al. Qigong versus exercise versus no therapy for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine 2011;36(6):419‐27. - PubMed
Sahin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sahin N, Albayrak I, Durmus B, Ugurlu H. Effectiveness of back school for treatment of pain and functional disability in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2011;43:224‐9. - PubMed
Schulze 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schulze H, Bischoff C, v Pein A, Limbacher K. Conception and evaluation of a group therapy intervention for patients with chronic pain disorders and applications for early retirement pensions [Konzeption und Evaluation einer socialmedizinischen Patientenschulung fur chronische Shmerzpatienten mit laufendem Rentenverfahren]. Rehabilitation 2008;47:211‐8. - PubMed
Schweikert 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schweikert B, Jacobi E, Seitz R, Cziske R, Ehlert A, Knab J, et al. Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of adding a cognitive‐behavioral treatment to the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Journal of Rheumatology 2006;33:2519‐26. - PubMed
Sharpe 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sharpe L, Sensky T, Timberlake N, Ryan B, Brewin C, Allard S. A blind, randomized, controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural intervention for patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: preventing psychological and physical morbidity. Pain 2001;89:275‐83. - PubMed
Smeets 2009 {published data only}
    1. Smeets RJ, Severens JL, Beelen S, Vlaeyen JWS, Knottnerus A. More is not always better: cost‐effectiveness analysis of combined, single behavioral and single physical rehabilitation programs for chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain 2009;13:71‐81. - PubMed
Soderlund 2001 {published data only}
    1. Soderlund A, Lindberg P. Cognitive behavioural components in physiotherapy management of chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD) ‐‐ a randomized group study. Physiotherapy Theory & Practice 2001;17:229‐38. - PubMed
Spence 1989 {published data only}
    1. Spence SH. Cognitive‐behavior therapy in the management of chronic, occupational pain of the upper limbs. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989;27:435‐46. - PubMed
    1. Spence SH. Cognitive‐behaviour therapy in the treatment of chronic, occupational pain of the upper limbs: a 2 yr follow‐up. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991;29:503‐9. - PubMed
Spence 1995 {published data only}
    1. Spence SH, Sharpe L, Newton‐John T, Champion D. Effect of EMG biofeedback compared to applied relaxation training with chronic, upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. Pain 1995;63:199‐206. - PubMed
Strong 1998 {published data only}
    1. Strong J. Incorporating cognitive‐behavioral therapy with occupational therapy: a comparative study with patients with low back pain. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 1998;8:61‐71.
Turner 1982 {published data only}
    1. Turner JA. Comparison of group progressive‐relaxation training and cognitive‐behavioral group therapy for chronic low back pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1982;50:757‐65. - PubMed
Turner 1990 {published data only}
    1. Turner JA, Clancy S, McQuade KJ, Cardenas DD. Effectiveness of behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: a component analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990;58:573‐9. - PubMed
Turner 1993 {published data only}
    1. Turner JA, Jensen MP. Efficacy of cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain 1993;52:169‐77. - PubMed
Turner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Turner JA, Mancl L, Huggins JH, Sherman JJ, Lentz G, LeResche L. Targeting temporomandibular disorder pain treatment to hormonal fluctuations: a randomized clinical trial. Pain 2011;152:2074‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Turner‐Stokes 2003 {published data only}
    1. Turner‐Stokes L, Erkeller‐Yuksel F, Miles A, Pincus T, Shipley M, Pearce S. Outpatient cognitive behavioral pain management programs: a randomized comparison of a group‐based multidisciplinary versus an individual therapy model. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84:781‐8. - PubMed
Van den Hout 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hout JH, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Zijlema JH, Wijnen JA. Secondary prevention of work‐related disability in nonspecific low back pain: does problem‐solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 2003;19:87‐96. - PubMed
Van Lankveld 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lankveld W, Helmond T, Naring G, Rooij DJ, Hoogen F. Partner participation in cognitive‐behavioral self‐management group treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 2004;31:1738‐45. - PubMed
Vlaeyen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Vlaeyen JW, Haazen IW, Schuerman JA, Kole‐Snijders AM, Eek H. Behavioural rehabilitation of chronic low back pain: comparison of an operant treatment, an operant‐cognitive treatment and an operant‐respondent treatment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1995;34:95‐118. - PubMed
Wicksell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wicksell RA, Ahlqvist J, Bring A, Melin L, Olsson GL. Can exposure and acceptance strategies improve functioning and life satisfaction in people with chronic pain and whiplash‐associated disorders (WAD)? A randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2008;37:169‐82. - PubMed
Wong 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wong SY‐S, Chan FW‐K, Wong RL‐P, Chu M‐C, Lam Y‐YK, Mercer SW, et al. Comparing the effectiveness of mindfulness‐based stress reduction and multidisciplinary intervention programs for chronic pain. A randomized comparative trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 2011;27:724‐34. - PubMed
Woods 2008 {published data only}
    1. Woods MP, Asmundson GJG. Evaluating the efficacy of graded in vivo exposure for the treatment of fear in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Pain 2008;136:271‐80. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bergdahl 1995 {published data only}
    1. Bergdahl J, Anneroth G, Perris H. Cognitive therapy in the treatment of patients with resistant burning mouth syndrome: a controlled study. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 1995;24:213‐5. - PubMed

Additional references

Alschuler 2008
    1. Alschuler KN, Theisen‐Goodvich ME, Haig AJ, Geisser ME. A comparison of the relationship between depression, perceived disability, and physical performance in persons with chronic pain. European Journal of Pain 2008;12:757‐64. - PubMed
Barkham 2006
    1. Barkham M, Connell J, Stiles WB, Miles JNV, Margison F, Evans C, et al. Dose‐effect relations and responsive regulation of treatment duration: the good enough level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(1):160‐7. - PubMed
Beale 2011
    1. Beale M, Cella M, Williams AC. Comparing patients’ and clinician‐researchers’ outcome choice for psychological treatment of chronic pain. Pain 2011;152:2283‐6. - PubMed
Bender 2011
    1. Bender JL, Radhakrishnan K, Diorio C, Englesakis M. Can pain be managed through the internet? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain 2011;152:1740‐7. - PubMed
Bernady 2010
    1. Bernady K, Füber N, Köllner V, Häuser W. Efficacy of cognitive‐behavioral therapies in fibromyalgia syndrome – a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Rheumatology 2010;37:1991‐2005. - PubMed
Blyth 2007
    1. Blyth FM, Macfarlane GJ, Nicholas MK. Topical review: the contribution of psychosocial factors to the development of chronic pain: the key to better outcomes for patients?. Pain 2007;129:8‐11. - PubMed
Boutron 2008
    1. Boutron I, Moher D, Altman D, Schulz KF, Ravaud P. Extending the CONSORT Statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine 2008;148:295‐309. - PubMed
Bowling 1997
    1. Bowling A. Measuring Health. 2nd Edition. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997.
Breivik 2006
    1. Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen B, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. European Journal of Pain 2006;10:287‐333. - PubMed
Brown Brunnhuber 2006
    1. Brown P, Brunnhuber K, Chalkidou K, Chalmers I, Fenton M, Forbes C, et al. How to formulate research recommendations. BMJ 2006;333:804‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Butler 2006
    1. Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT. The empirical status of cognitive‐behavioral therapy: a review of meta‐analyses. Clinical Psychology Review 2006;26:17‐31. - PubMed
Craig 2008
    1. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M, on behalf of the Medical Research Council. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. www.mrc.ac.uk/complexinterventionsguidance 2008.
Curran 2009
    1. Curran C, Williams AC, Potts HWW. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for persistent pain: does adherence after treatment affect outcome?. European Journal of Pain 2009;13:178‐88. - PubMed
Dixon 2007
    1. Dixon KE, Keefe FJ, Scipio CD, Perri LM, Abernathy AP. Psychological interventions for arthritis pain management in adults: a meta‐analysis. Health Psychology 2007;26:241‐50. - PubMed
Dworkin 2005
    1. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, et al. Topical review and recommendations: core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 2005;113:9‐19. - PubMed
Dworkin 2008
    1. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Journal of Pain 2008;9:105‐21. - PubMed
Eccleston 2007
    1. Eccleston C, Crombez G. Worry and chronic pain: a misdirected problem solving model. Pain 2007;132:233‐6. - PubMed
Eccleston 2009b
    1. Eccleston C, Palermo TM, Williams AC, Lewandowski A, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003968.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Flor 1992
    1. Flor H, Fydrich T, Turk DC. Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta‐analytic review. Pain 1992;49:221‐30. - PubMed
Fordyce 1968
    1. Fordyce WE, Fowler RS Jr, Lehmann JF, DeLateur BJ. Some implications of learning on problems of chronic pain. Journal of Chronic Disease 1968;21(3):179‐90. - PubMed
Furlan 2001
    1. Furlan AD, Clarke J, Esmail R, Sinclair S, Irvin E, Bombardier C. A critical review of reviews on the treatment of low back pain. Spine 2001;26:E155‐62. - PubMed
Garratt 2008
    1. Garratt A. Patient reported outcomes in trial. BMJ 2008;337:a1190. - PubMed
Gatchel 2006
    1. Gatchel RJ, Okifuji A. Evidence‐based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost‐effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic non‐malignant pain. Journal of Pain 2006;7:779‐93. - PubMed
Glombiewski 2010
    1. Glombiewski JA, Hartwich‐Tersek J, Rief W. Depression in chronic back pain patients: prediction of pain intensity and pain disability in cognitive‐behavioral treatment. Psychosomatics 2010;51:130‐6. - PubMed
Grimshaw 1995
    1. Grimshaw J, Freemantle N, Langhorne P, Song F. Complexity and systematic reviews: Report to the US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen, Scotland 1995.
Guzman 2001
    1. Guzmán J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Irvin E, Bombardier C. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 2001;322:1511‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hellum 2011
    1. Hellum C, Johnsen LG, Storheim K, Nygaard Ø, Brox JI, Rosvoll I, et al. Norwegian Spine Study Group. Surgery with disc prosthesis versus rehabilitation in patients with low back pain and degenerative disc: two year follow‐up of randomised study. BMJ 2011;342:d2786. - PMC - PubMed
Henschke 2010a
    1. Henschke N, Ostelo RWJG, Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JWS, Morley S, Assendelft WJJ, et al. Behavioural treatments for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hoffman 2007
    1. Hoffman BM, Papas RK, Chatkoff DK, Kerns RD. Meta‐analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychology 2007;26:1‐9. - PubMed
Hrobarjtsson 2001
    1. Hrobarjtsson A, Gotzsche PC. Is the placebo powerless? ‐ An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:1594‐602. - PubMed
Hrobarjtsson 2004
    1. Hrobarjtsson A, Gotzsche PC. Is the placebo powerless? Update of a systematic review with 52 new randomized trials comparing placebo with no treatment. Journal of Internal Medicine 2004;256:91‐100. - PubMed
Häuser 2009
    1. Häuser W, Bernardy K, Arnold B, Offenbächer M, Schiltenwolf M. Efficacy of multicomponent treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials . Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009;61:216‐24. - PubMed
Ioannidis 2005
    1. Ioannidis JPA. Why most published research findings are false. PloS Medicine 2005;2:e124. - PMC - PubMed
Jensen 2011
    1. Jensen MP. Psychosocial approaches to pain management: an organizational framework. Pain 2011;152:717‐25. - PubMed
Keefe Rumble 2004
    1. Keefe FJ, Rumble ME, Scipio CD, Giordano LA, Perri LM. Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science. Journal of Pain 2004;5:195‐211. - PubMed
Knittle 2010
    1. Knittle K, Maes S, Gucht V. Psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: examining the role of self‐regulation with a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2010;62:1460‐72. - PubMed
Lambert 2001
    1. Lambert MJ, Hansen NB, Finch AE. Patient‐focused research: using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69:159‐72. - PubMed
Leeuw Goossens 2008
    1. Leeuw M, Goossens MEJB, Vet HCW, Vlaeyen JWS. The fidelity of treatment delivery can be assessed in treatment outcome studies: a successful illustration from behavioral medicine. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008;62:81‐90. - PubMed
Lin 2011
    1. Lin C‐WC, McAuley JH, Macedo L, Barnett DC, Smeets RJ, Verbunt JA. Relationship between physical activity and disability in low back pain: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Pain 2011;152:607‐13. - PubMed
Macea 2010
    1. Macea DD, Gajos K, Calil YAD, Fregni F. The efficacy of web‐based cognitive‐behavioral interventions for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Pain 2010;11(10):917‐29. - PubMed
McMillan 2010
    1. McMillan D, Morley S. Single case quantitative methods for practice‐based evidence. In: Barkham M, Hardy GE, Mellor‐Clark J editor(s). Developing and Delivering Practice‐based Evidence: A Guide for the Psychological Therapies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010:109‐38.
Moore 2005
    1. Moore RA, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ. Acute pain: individual patient meta‐analysis shows the impact of different ways of analysing and presenting results. Pain 2005;116:322‐31. - PubMed
Moore 2010
    1. Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ, Straube S, Aldington D, Wiffen P, et al. Clinical effectiveness: an approach to clinical trial design more relevant to clinical practice, acknowledging the importance of individual differences. Pain 2010;149:173‐6. - PubMed
Morley 1999
    1. Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 1999;80:1‐13. - PubMed
Morley 2006
    1. Morley SJ, Williams AC de C. RCTs of psychological treatments for chronic pain: progress and challenges. Pain 2006;121:171‐2. - PubMed
Morley 2008
    1. Morley S, Williams A, Hussain S. Estimating the clinical effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in the clinic: evaluation of a CBT informed pain management programme. Pain 2008;137:670‐80. - PubMed
Morley 2011
    1. Morley SJ. Efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic pain: progress and some challenges. Pain 2011;152:S99‐S106. - PubMed
Moss‐Morris 2007
    1. Moss‐Morris R, Humphrey K, Johnson MH, Petrie KJ. Patients’ perception of their pain condition across a multidisciplinary pain management programme. Do they change and if so does it matter?. Clinical Journal of Pain 2007;23:558‐64. - PubMed
Nestoriuc 2007
    1. Nestoriuc Y, Martin A. Efficacy of biofeedback for migraine: a meta analysis. Pain 2007;118:111‐27. - PubMed
Nestoriuc 2008
    1. Nestoriuc Y, Rief W, Martin A. Meta analysis of biofeedback for tension type headache: efficacy, specificity, and treatment moderators. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008;76:379‐96. - PubMed
Nicholas 2010
    1. Nicholas MK. Obstacles to recovery after an episode of low back pain: the ‘usual suspects’ are not always guilty. Pain 2010;149:363‐4. - PubMed
Nuesch 2009
    1. Nuesch E, Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Rutjes AW, Burgi E, Scherer M, et al. The effects of excluding patients from the analysis in randomised controlled trials: meta‐epidemiological study. BMJ 2009;339:b3244. - PMC - PubMed
Roth 2005
    1. Roth AD, Fonagy P. What Works for Whom: A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research. 2nd Edition. New York: Guildford Press, 2005.
Scascighini 2008
    1. Scascighini L, Toma V, Dober‐Spielmann S, Sprott H. Multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Rheumatology 2008;47:670‐8. - PubMed
Shepperd 2009
    1. Shepperd S, Lewin S, Straus S, Clarke M, Eccles MP, Fitzpatrick R, et al. Can we systematically review studies that evaluate complex interventions?. PLoS Medicine 2009;6:e1000086. - PMC - PubMed
Shojania 2007
    1. Shojania KG, Sampson M, Ansari MT, Jun J, Doucette S, Moher D. How quickly do systematic reviews go out of date? A survival analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007;147:224‐33. - PubMed
Somerville 2008
    1. Somerville S, Hay E, Lewis M, Barber J, Windt D, Hill J, et al. Content and outcome of usual primary care for back pain: a systematic review . British Journal of Clinical Practice 2008;58:790‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Thorn 2007
    1. Thorn BE, Cross TH, Walker BB. Meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of psychological treatments for chronic pain: relevance to an evidence‐based practice. Health Psychology 2007;26:10‐2. - PubMed
Thorn Burns 2011
    1. Thorn BE, Burns JW. Commentary: common and specific treatment mechanisms in psychosocial pain interventions: the need for a new research agenda. Pain 2011;152:705‐6. - PubMed
Turk 2008
    1. Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Revicki D, Harding G, Burke LB, Cella D, et al. Identifying important outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: an IMMPACT survey of people with pain. Pain 2008;137:276‐85. - PubMed
Turk Okifuji 2002
    1. Turk DC, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: evolution and revolution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002;70:678‐90. - PubMed
Underwood 2011
    1. Underwood M, Mistry G, Lall R, Lamb S. Predicting response to a cognitive‐behavioral approach to treating low back pain: secondary analysis of the BeST data set. Arthritis Care and Research 2011;63:1271‐9. - PubMed
Veehof 2011
    1. Veehof MM, Oskam M‐J, Schreurs KMG, Bohlmeijer ET. Acceptance‐based interventions for the treatment of chronic pain: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Pain 2011;152:533‐42. - PubMed
Verbunt 2010
    1. Verbunt JA, Smeets RJ, Wittink HM. Cause or effect? Deconditioning and chronic low back pain. Pain 2010;149:428‐30. - PubMed
Vlaeyen de Jong 2001
    1. Vlaeyen JWS, Jong J, Geilen M, Heuts PHTG, Breukelen G. Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain‐related fear: a replicated single‐case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001;39:151‐66. - PubMed
Waller 2009
    1. Waller G. Evidence‐based treatment and therapist drift. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009;47:119‐27. - PubMed
Wideman 2009
    1. Wideman TH, Adams H, Sullivan MJL. A prospective sequential analysis of the fear‐avoidance model of pain. Pain 2009;145:45‐51. - PubMed
Wren 2011
    1. Wren AA, Wright MA, Carson JW, Keefe FJ. Yoga for persistent pain: new findings and directions for an ancient practice. Pain 2011;152:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Yates 2005
    1. Yates SL, Morley S, Eccleston E, Williams A. A scale for rating the quality of psychological trials for pain. Pain 2005;117:314‐25. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Eccleston 2009a
    1. Eccleston C, Williams ACdeC, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007407.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types