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Comment
. 2012 Dec;20(12):2198-200.
doi: 10.1038/mt.2012.241.

Still seeking an effective "one-two" malaria vaccine punch

Joseph D Smith  1 , Brandon K Sack
Affiliations
Comment

Still seeking an effective "one-two" malaria vaccine punch

Joseph D Smith et al. Mol Ther. 2012 Dec.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The malaria life cycle. The cycle consists of the following life stages: mosquito, pre-erythrocytic/liver, and blood. Plasmodium is primarily an intracellular parasite (in the liver and red blood cell, RBC), and the malaria parasite is only briefly extracellular when the sporozoite migrates from the dermal bite site to infect the hepatocyte and during replicative cycles of RBC invasion. Within the skin, sporozoites present a moving target migrating between and through host dermal cells, and then traverse a blood vessel to enter the blood circulation. Invasive merozoites that emerge from hepatocytes are encapsulated in host membrane (merosomes). This encapsulation may shield them from liver Kupffer cells and other immune effector mechanisms. Four vaccine targets—CSP, TRAP, MSP1, and AMA1—are expressed at different life stages (see text). The blood-stage antigens, MSP1 and AMA1, begin to be expressed in late liver stages when the blood-stage merozoites form. Some of the major antibody (Ab)-based and cellular immune mechanisms and effector cells at the liver and blood stages are illustrated. Most blood-stage vaccine efforts have focused on neutralizing Abs. Sheehy et al. evaluated a viral-vectored vaccine approach in the human malaria challenge model to stimulate both Ab-based and T-cell effector mechanisms and improve cross-stage immunity. IFN-γ, interferon-γ iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase.
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