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Review
. 2013 Jan-Feb;58(1):63-76.
doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.007.

Graves upper eyelid retraction

Antonio Augusto Velasco Cruz  1 , Sara F T Ribeiro, Denny M Garcia, Patricia Mitiko Akaishi, Carolina T Pinto
Affiliations
Review

Graves upper eyelid retraction

Antonio Augusto Velasco Cruz et al. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013 Jan-Feb.

Abstract

Graves upper eyelid retraction (GUER) is the most common and characteristic sign of Graves orbitopathy. Despite being well recognized since the 19th century, GUER is still a subject of controversy. We review GUER, including historical aspects, diagnosis, methods of measurements, ocular surface abnormalities, etiology, and medical and surgical treatments. There is no consensus about the mechanisms of its etiology or the best surgical correction. There is a need for quantitative studies on the effects of GUER on lid movements.

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