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. 2013 Jan 14;173(1):46-51.
doi: 10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.857.

Racial differences in the impact of elevated systolic blood pressure on stroke risk

George Howard  1 , Daniel T Lackland, Dawn O Kleindorfer, Brett M Kissela, Claudia S Moy, Suzanne E Judd, Monika M Safford, Mary Cushman, Stephen P Glasser, Virginia J Howard
Affiliations

Racial differences in the impact of elevated systolic blood pressure on stroke risk

George Howard et al. JAMA Intern Med. .

Abstract

Background: Between the ages 45 and 65 years, incident stroke is 2 to 3 times more common in blacks than in whites, a difference not explained by traditional stroke risk factors.

Methods: Stroke risk was assessed in 27 748 black and white participants recruited between 2003 and 2007, who were followed up through 2011, in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Racial differences in the impact of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was assessed using proportional hazards models. Racial differences in stroke risk were assessed in strata defined by age (<65 years, 65-74 years, and ≥75 years) and SBP (<120 mm Hg, 120-139 mm Hg, and 140-159 mm Hg).

Results: Over 4.5 years of follow-up, 715 incident strokes occurred. A 10-mm Hg difference in SBP was associated with an 8% (95% CI, 0%-16%) increase in stroke risk for whites, but a 24% (95% CI, 14%-35%) increase for blacks (P value for interaction, .02). For participants aged 45 to 64 years (where disparities are greatest), the black to white hazard ratio was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.48-1.57) for normotensive participants, 1.38 (95% CI, 0.94-2.02) for those with prehypertension, and 2.38 (95% CI, 1.19-4.72) for those with stage 1 hypertension.

Conclusions: These findings suggest racial differences in the impact of elevated blood pressure on stroke risk. When these racial differences are coupled with the previously documented higher prevalence of hypertension and poorer control of hypertension in blacks, they may account for much of the racial disparity in stroke risk.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Differential racial susceptibility to 10–mm Hg systolic blood pressure difference. A, After adjustment for demographic factors plus use of antihypertensive medications. B, After further adjustment for risk factors (diabetes, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart disease, and current cigarette smoking). Estimates are provided where races have been pooled (black and white) and for race-specific estimates. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Proportion of white and black stroke-free participants, shown with age and systolic blood pressure (SBP) strata and hazard ratio (HR) after adjustment for sex and use of antihypertensive medications. See also Table 2 for HRs and 95% confidence intervals in the risk factor adjusted model (ie, after additional adjustment for diabetes, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart disease, and current cigarette smoking).
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References

    1. Howard VJ, Kleindorfer DO, Judd SE, et al. Disparities in stroke incidence contributing to disparities in stroke mortality. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(4):619–627. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Howard G, Cushman M, Kissela BM, et al. REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Investigators. Traditional risk factors as the underlying cause of racial disparities in stroke: lessons from the half-full (empty?) glass. Stroke. 2011;42(12):3369–3375. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22(3):312–318. - PubMed
    1. Howard G, Howard VJ REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Investigators. Ethnic disparities in stroke: the scope of the problem. Ethn Dis. 2001;11(4):761–768. - PubMed
    1. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley LV, et al. The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology. 2005;25(3):135–143. - PubMed

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