Nutrient intakes from complementary foods consumed by young children (aged 12-23 months) from North Wollo, northern Ethiopia: the need for agro-ecologically adapted interventions

Abstract

Objective: To characterize current feeding practices and to evaluate the adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes of young children in subsistence farming rural households in North Wollo, Ethiopia.

Design: A cross-sectional study examining sociodemographic status, anthropometry, breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices using two in-home non-consecutive 24 h recalls.

Settings: Two rural villages in the highlands and lowlands of Gobalafto district, North Wollo.

Subjects: Seventy-six young children aged 12-23 months, thirty-nine from the lowlands and thirty-seven from the highlands.

Results: About 33% of the children, ~46% in the highlands and 24% in the lowlands (P=0.05), were stunted. Complementary diets were low in animal products, fruits and vegetables. Cereals and legumes were the major sources of energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin A. Legumes with potentially toxic components (grass pea, broad beans) and low nutrient-dense beverages such as tea were frequently consumed. Intakes of energy, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C from complementary foods were below WHO recommendations assuming average breast-milk intakes. In contrast, Fe and protein intakes and densities met WHO recommendations. Although vitamin C intakes and densities were higher (P<0.05) for the lowlands, they remained far below WHO recommendations.

Conclusions: Interventions promoting the WHO guiding principles for complementary feeding practices and behaviours that take the agro-ecological contexts into account are needed here. Furthermore, specific recommendations should be formulated to discourage the consumption of grass pea, broad beans and low nutrient-dense beverages such as tea.

Fig. 1

Mean number of food occasions per type of food ( , gruel/porridges; , beverages; , snacks; , family foods) among breast-fed (BF) and non-breast-fed (NBF) young children (n 76) aged 12–23 months from a highland village (n 37) and a lowland village (n 39) in Gobalafto district, North Wollo, northern Ethiopia, August–October 2010

Fig. 2

Mean amounts of most frequently consumed foods per day, when eaten, among breast-fed (BF) and non-breast-fed (NBF) young children (n 76) aged 12–23 months from a highland village (n 37) and a lowland village (n 39) in Gobalafto district, North Wollo, northern Ethiopia, August–October 2010. , BF (all); , BF–highlands; , BF–lowlands; , NBF (all). Values are means with their standard deviations represented by vertical bars; the white border represents the amount consumed (g DM) on dry weight basis (SFP stew, split field pea stew)