Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2012 Dec 12;12(12):CD003267.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003267.pub2.

Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centred approach in clinical consultations

Francesca Dwamena  1 , Margaret Holmes-Rovner, Carolyn M Gaulden, Sarah Jorgenson, Gelareh Sadigh, Alla Sikorskii, Simon Lewin, Robert C Smith, John Coffey, Adesuwa Olomu
Affiliations

Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centred approach in clinical consultations

Francesca Dwamena et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Communication problems in health care may arise as a result of healthcare providers focusing on diseases and their management, rather than people, their lives and their health problems. Patient-centred approaches to care delivery in the patient encounter are increasingly advocated by consumers and clinicians and incorporated into training for healthcare providers. However, the impact of these interventions directly on clinical encounters and indirectly on patient satisfaction, healthcare behaviour and health status has not been adequately evaluated.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions for healthcare providers that aim to promote patient-centred care (PCC) approaches in clinical consultations.

Search methods: For this update, we searched: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), PsycINFO (OvidSP), and CINAHL (EbscoHOST) from January 2000 to June 2010. The earlier version of this review searched MEDLINE (1966 to December 1999), EMBASE (1985 to December 1999), PsycLIT (1987 to December 1999), CINAHL (1982 to December 1999) and HEALTH STAR (1975 to December 1999). We searched the bibliographies of studies assessed for inclusion and contacted study authors to identify other relevant studies. Any study authors who were contacted for further information on their studies were also asked if they were aware of any other published or ongoing studies that would meet our inclusion criteria.

Selection criteria: In the original review, study designs included randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series studies of interventions for healthcare providers that promote patient-centred care in clinical consultations. In the present update, we were able to limit the studies to randomized controlled trials, thus limiting the likelihood of sampling error. This is especially important because the providers who volunteer for studies of PCC methods are likely to be different from the general population of providers. Patient-centred care was defined as a philosophy of care that encourages: (a) shared control of the consultation, decisions about interventions or management of the health problems with the patient, and/or (b) a focus in the consultation on the patient as a whole person who has individual preferences situated within social contexts (in contrast to a focus in the consultation on a body part or disease). Within our definition, shared treatment decision-making was a sufficient indicator of PCC. The participants were healthcare providers, including those in training.

Data collection and analysis: We classified interventions by whether they focused only on training providers or on training providers and patients, with and without condition-specific educational materials. We grouped outcome data from the studies to evaluate both direct effects on patient encounters (consultation process variables) and effects on patient outcomes (satisfaction, healthcare behaviour change, health status). We pooled results of RCTs using standardized mean difference (SMD) and relative risks (RR) applying a fixed-effect model.

Main results: Forty-three randomized trials met the inclusion criteria, of which 29 are new in this update. In most of the studies, training interventions were directed at primary care physicians (general practitioners, internists, paediatricians or family doctors) or nurses practising in community or hospital outpatient settings. Some studies trained specialists. Patients were predominantly adults with general medical problems, though two studies included children with asthma. Descriptive and pooled analyses showed generally positive effects on consultation processes on a range of measures relating to clarifying patients' concerns and beliefs; communicating about treatment options; levels of empathy; and patients' perception of providers' attentiveness to them and their concerns as well as their diseases. A new finding for this update is that short-term training (less than 10 hours) is as successful as longer training.The analyses showed mixed results on satisfaction, behaviour and health status. Studies using complex interventions that focused on providers and patients with condition-specific materials generally showed benefit in health behaviour and satisfaction, as well as consultation processes, with mixed effects on health status. Pooled analysis of the fewer than half of included studies with adequate data suggests moderate beneficial effects from interventions on the consultation process; and mixed effects on behaviour and patient satisfaction, with small positive effects on health status. Risk of bias varied across studies. Studies that focused only on provider behaviour frequently did not collect data on patient outcomes, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn about the relative effect of intervention focus on providers compared with providers and patients.

Authors' conclusions: Interventions to promote patient-centred care within clinical consultations are effective across studies in transferring patient-centred skills to providers. However the effects on patient satisfaction, health behaviour and health status are mixed. There is some indication that complex interventions directed at providers and patients that include condition-specific educational materials have beneficial effects on health behaviour and health status, outcomes not assessed in studies reviewed previously. The latter conclusion is tentative at this time and requires more data. The heterogeneity of outcomes, and the use of single item consultation and health behaviour measures limit the strength of the conclusions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Simon Lewin is an editor for the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. He did not have any influence over the Review Group's editorial process or decision to publish this review.

Figures

1
1
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
2
2
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Continuous Outcomes, outcome: 2.1 Consultation Process.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Continuous Outcomes, outcome: 2.2 Satisfaction.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Continuous Outcomes, outcome: 2.3 Health Behaviors.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Continuous Outcomes, outcome: 2.4 Health Status.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, outcome: 1.1 Consultation Process.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, outcome: 1.2 Satisfaction.
9
9
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, outcome: 1.3 Health Behaviors.
10
10
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, outcome: 1.4 Health Status.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, Outcome 1 Consultation Process.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, Outcome 2 Satisfaction.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, Outcome 3 Health Behaviors.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Dichotomous Outcomes, Outcome 4 Health Status.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Continuous Outcomes, Outcome 1 Consultation Process.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Continuous Outcomes, Outcome 2 Satisfaction.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Continuous Outcomes, Outcome 3 Health Behaviors.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Continuous Outcomes, Outcome 4 Health Status.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Continuous Outcomes: Consultation Process: Hours of training, Outcome 1 Brief Training < 10 hours.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Continuous Outcomes: Consultation Process: Hours of training, Outcome 2 Extensive training > 18 hours.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Alamo 2002 {published data only}
    1. Alamo MM, Moral RR, Torres LAP. Evaluation of a patient‐centred approach in generalized musculoskeletal chronic pain/fibromyalgia patients in primary care. Patient Education and Counseling 2002;48:23‐31. - PubMed
    1. Moral RR, Alamo MM, Jurado MA, Torres LP. Effectiveness of a learner‐centred training programme for primary care physicians in using a patient‐centred consultation style. Family Practice 2001 Feb;18(1):60‐3. - PubMed
Alder 2007 {published data only}
    1. Alder J, Christen R, Zemp E, Bitzer J. Communication skills training in obstetrics and gynaecology: whom should we train? A randomised controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2007 Dec;276(6):605‐12. - PubMed
Bieber 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bieber C, Mueller KG, Blumenstiel K, Schneider A, Richter A, Wilke S, et al. Long‐term effects of a shared decision‐making intervention on physician‐patient interaction and outcome in fibromyalgia ‐ a qualitative and quantitative 1 year follow‐up of a randomised controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;63(3):357‐66. - PubMed
    1. Bieber C, Müller KG, Blumenstiel K, Hochlehnert A, Wilke S, Hartmann M, et al. A shared decision‐making communication training program for physicians treating fibromyalgia patients: Effects of a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2008;64(1):13‐20. - PubMed
    1. Bieber C, Müller KG, Blumenstiel K, Schuller‐Roma B, Richter A, Hochlehnert A, et al. Shared decision making (SDM) with chronic pain patients. The patient as a partner in the medical decision making process. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2004;47(10):985‐91. - PubMed
Briel 2006 {published data only}
    1. Briel M, Langewitz W, Tschudi P, Young J, Hugenschmidt C, Bucher HC. Communication training and antibiotic use in acute respiratory tract infections. A cluster randomised controlled trial in general practice. Swiss Medical Weekly 2006;136:241‐7. - PubMed
Brown 2001 {published data only}
    1. Brown RF, Butow P, Dunn SM, Tattersall MHN. Promoting patient participation and shortening cancer consultations: a randomised trial. British Journal of Cancer 2001;85(9):1273‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Chassany 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chassany O, Boureau F, Liard F, Bertin P, Serrie A, Ferran P, et al. Effects of training on general practitioners' management of pain in osteoarthritis: A randomised multicenter study. Journal of Rheumatology 2006;33(9):1827‐34. - PubMed
Chenoweth 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein‐Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for Aged Dementia Care Resident Study (CADRES) of person‐centred care, dementia‐care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster‐randomised trial. Lancet Neurology 2009;8(4):317‐25. - PubMed
Clark 2000 {published data only}
    1. Brown R, Bratton SL, Cabana MD, Kaciroti N, Clark NM. Physician asthma education program improves outcomes for children of low‐income families. Chest 2004;126(2):369‐74. - PubMed
    1. Clark NM, Gong M, Schork MA, Evans D, Roloff D, Hurwitz M, et al. Impact of education for physicians on patient outcomes. Pediatrics 1998;101(5):831‐6. - PubMed
    1. Clark NM, Gong M, Schork MA, Evans D, Roloff D, Hurwitz M, et al. Long‐term effects of asthma education on patient satisfaction and use of health services. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16:15‐21. - PubMed
    1. Clark NM, Notherwehr F, Gong M, Evans D, Maiman LA, Hurwitz ME, et al. Physician‐patient partnership in managing chronic illness. Academic Medicine 1995;70:957‐9. - PubMed
Dijkstra 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dijkstra RF, Braspenning JCC, Huijsmans Z, Akkermans RP, Ballegooie E, Have P, et al. Introduction of diabetes passports involving both patient and professionals to improve hospital outpatient diabetes care. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005;68(2):126‐34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.020] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dijkstra RF, Niessen LW, Braspenning JCC, Adang E, Grol R. Patient centred and professional‐directed implementation strategies for diabetes guidelines: a cluster‐randomized trial‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis. Diabetic Medicine 2006;23(2):164‐70. - PubMed
Fallowfield 2002 {published data only}
    1. Fallowfield L, Jenkins V, Farewell V, Saul J, Duffy A, Eves R. Efficacy of a Cancer Research UK communication skills training model for oncologists: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9307):650‐6. - PubMed
    1. Fallowfield L, Jenkins V, Farewell V, Solis‐Trapala I. Enduring impact of communication skills training: Results of a 12‐month follow‐up. British Journal of Cancer 2003;89(8):1445‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fallowfield LJ, Lipkin M, Hall A. Teaching senior oncologists communication skills: results from phase 1 of a comprehensive longitudinal program in the UK. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1998;16:1961‐8. - PubMed
    1. Ford S, Hall A, Ratcliffe D, Fallowfield L. The Medical Interaction Process System (MIPS): an instrument for analysing interviews of oncologists and patients with cancer. Social Science Medicine 2000;50:553‐66. - PubMed
Glasgow 2004 {published data only}
    1. Glasgow RE, Funnell MM, Bonomi AE, Davis C, Beckham V, Wagner EH. Self‐management aspects of improving chronic illness care breakthrough series implementation with diabetes and heart failure teams. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2002;24:80‐7. - PubMed
    1. Glasgow RE, Nutting PA, King DK, Nelson CC, Cutter G, Gaglio B, et al. A practical randomised trial to improve diabetes care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2004;19(12):1167‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Harmsen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Harmsen H, Bernsen R, Meeuwesen L, Thomas S, Dorrenboom G, Pinto D, et al. The effect of educational intervention on intercultural communication: results of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2005;55(514):343‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Haskard 2008 {published data only}
    1. Haskard KB, Williams SL, DiMatteo MR, Rosenthal R, White MK, Goldstein MG. Physician and patient communication training in primary care: effects on participation and satisfaction. Health Psychology 2008;27(5):513‐22. - PubMed
Heaven 2006 {published data only}
    1. Heaven C, Clegg J, Maguire P. Transfer of communication skills training from workshop to workplace: the impact of clinical supervision. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;60:313‐25. - PubMed
Ho 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ho MJ, Yao G, Lee KL, Beach MC, Green AR. Cross‐cultural medical education: can patient‐centred cultural competency training be effective in non‐Western countries?. Medical Teacher 2008;30(7):719‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Hobma 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hobma S, Ram P, Muijtjens A, Vleuten C, Grol R. Effective improvement of doctor‐patient communication: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(529):580‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Howe 1996 {published data only}
    1. Howe A. Detecting psychological distress: Can general practitioners improve their own performance?. British Journal of General Practice 1996;46:407‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Joos 1996 {published data only}
    1. Joos SK, Hickam DH, Gordon GH, Baker LH. Effects of a physician communication intervention on patient care outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1996;11:147‐55. - PubMed
Kennedy 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kennedy A, Robinson A, Hann M, Thompson D, Wilkin D, North‐West Region Gastrointestinal Research Group. A cluster‐randomised controlled trial of a patient‐centred guidebook for patients with ulcerative colitis: Effect on knowledge, anxiety and quality of life. Health & Social Care in the Community 2003;11(1):64‐72. - PubMed
    1. Kennedy AP, Nelson E, Reeves D, Richardson G, Roberts C, Robinson A, et al. A randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost of a patient orientated self management approach to chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2004;53(11):1639‐45. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rogers A, Kennedy A, Nelson E, Robinson A. Uncovering the limits of patient‐centeredness: Implementing a self‐management trial for chronic illness. Qualitative Health Research 2005;15(2):224‐39. - PubMed
Kinmonth 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kinmonth AL, Spiegal N, Woodcock A. Developing a training programme in patient‐centred consulting for evaluation in a randomised controlled trial; diabetes care from diagnosis in British primary care. Patient Education and Counseling 1996;29:75‐86. - PubMed
    1. Kinmonth AL, Woodcock A, Griffin S, Spiegal N, Campbell MJ. Randomised controlled trial of patient centred care of diabetes in general practice: impact on current well being and future disease risk. BMJ 1998;317:1202‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Woodcock AJ, Kinmonth AL, Campbell MJ, Griffin SJ, Spiegal NM. Diabetes care from diagnosis: effects of training in patient‐centred care on beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of primary care professionals. Patient Education and Counseling 1999;37:65‐79. - PubMed
Krones 2008 {published data only}
    1. Krones T, Keller H, Sönnichsen A, Sadowski EM, Baum E, Wegscheider K, et al. Absolute cardiovascular disease risk and shared decision making in primary care: A randomised controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2008;6(3):218‐27. - PMC - PubMed
Langewitz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Langewitz WA, Eich P, Kiss A, Wossmer B. Improving communication skills: a randomised controlled behaviorally oriented intervention study for residents in internal medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine 1998;60:268‐76. - PubMed
Levinson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Levinson W, Roter D. The effects of two continuing medical education programs on communication skills of practicing primary care physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1993;8:318‐24. - PubMed
Lewis 1991 {published data only}
    1. Lewis CC, Pantell RH, Sharp L. Increasing patient knowledge, satisfaction, and involvement: randomized trial of a communication intervention. Pediatrics 1991;88(2):351‐8. - PubMed
Loh 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ende J, Kazis L, Ash A, Moskowitz MA. Measuring patients' desire for autonomy: Decision making and information‐seeking preferences among medical patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1989;4:23‐30. - PubMed
    1. Lerman C, Brody D, Caputo C, et al. Patients' perceived involvement in care scale: Relationship to attitudes about illness and medical care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1990;5:29‐33. - PubMed
    1. Loh A, Kremer N, Giersdorf N, Jahn H, Hänselmann S, Bermejo I, Härter M. Information and participation interests of patients with depression in clinical decision making in primary care [Informations‐ und Partizipationsinteressen depressiver Patienten bei der medizinischen Entscheidungsfindung in der hausarztlichen Versorgung]. Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen [German Journal for Quality in Healthcare] 2004;98(2):101‐7. - PubMed
    1. Loh A, Simon D, Wills CE, Kriston L, Niebling W, Härter M. The effects of a shared decision‐making intervention in primary care of depression: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2007;67(3):324‐32. - PubMed
Longo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Edwards A, Elwyn G, Hood K, Atwell C, Robling M, Houston H, et al. Patient‐based outcome results from a cluster randomised trial of shared decision making skill development and use of risk communication aids in general practice. Family Practice 2004;21(4):347‐54. - PubMed
    1. Elwyn G, Edwards A, Hood K, Robling M, Atwell C, Russell I, et al. Achieving involvement: process outcomes from a cluster randomised trial of shared decision making skill development and use of risk communication aids in general practice. Family Practice 2004;21(4):337‐46. - PubMed
    1. Longo MF, Cohen DR, Hood K, Edwards A, Robling M, Elwyn G, et al. Involving patients in primary care consultations: assessing preferences using discrete choice experiments. British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(522):35‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Margalit 2005 {published data only}
    1. Eshet I, Margalit APA, Amagor G. Short Family Therapy in Ambulatory Medicine (SFAT‐AM): Treatment approach in 10‐15 minute encounters. Family Practice 1993;10:178‐87. - PubMed
    1. Margalit AP, Glick SM, Benbassat J, Cohen A, Katz M. Promoting a biopsychosocial orientation in family practice: effect of two teaching programs on the knowledge and attitudes of practising primary care physicians. Medical Teacher 2005;27(7):613‐18. - PubMed
McLean 2004 {published data only}
    1. McLean M, Armstrong D. Eliciting patients' concerns: a randomised controlled trial of different approaches by the doctor. British Journal of General Practice 2004;54(506):663‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Meland 1997 {published data only}
    1. Meland E, Laerum E, Ulvik RJ. Effectiveness of two preventive interventions for coronary heart disease in primary care. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 1997;15(1):57‐64. - PubMed
Merckaert 2008 {published data only}
    1. Delvaux N, Razavi D, Marchal S, Bredart A, Farvacques C, Slachmuylder JL. Effects of a 105 hours psychological training program on attitudes, communication skills and occupational stress in oncology: a randomised study. British Journal of Cancer 2004;90(1):106‐14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lienard A, Merckaert I, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Boniver J, et al. Factors that influence cancer patients' and relatives' anxiety following a three‐person medical consultation: impact of a communication skills training program for physicians. Psycho‐oncology 2008;17(5):488‐96. - PubMed
    1. Merckaert I, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Boniver J, Etienne AM, et al. Factors influencing physicians' detection of cancer patients' and relatives' distress: can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection? . Psycho‐oncology 2008;17(3):260‐9. - PubMed
    1. Merckaert I, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Boniver J, Etienne AM, et al. Factors that influence physicians' detection of distress in patients with cancer ‐ Can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection?. Cancer 2005;104(2):411‐21. - PubMed
    1. Razavi D, Merckaert I, Marchal S, Libert Y, Conradt S, Boniver J, et al. How to optimise physicians' communication skills in cancer care: Results of a randomised study assessing the usefulness of post training consolidation workshops. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(16):3141‐9. - PubMed
Moral 2003 {published data only}
    1. Moral RR, Salvador JJR, Torres LP, Castillejo JAP. Effectiveness of a clinical interviewing training program for family practice residents: a randomised controlled trial. Family Medicine 2003;35(7):489‐95. - PubMed
Pill 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pill R, Stott NCH, Rollnick SR, Rees M. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention designed to improve the care given in general practice to type II diabetic patients: Patient outcomes and professional ability to change behaviour. Family Practice 1998;15(3):229‐35. - PubMed
    1. Stott NCH, Rees M, Rollnick S, Pill RM, Hackett P. Professional responses to innovation in clinical method: Diabetes care and negotiating skills. Patient Education and Counseling 1996;29:67‐73. - PubMed
    1. Stott NCH, Rollnick S, Rees MR, Pill RM. Innovation in clinical method: diabetes care and negotiating skills. Family Practice 1995;12(4):413‐8. - PubMed
Putnam 1988 {published data only}
    1. Putnam SM, Stiles WB, Jacob MC, James SA. Teaching the medical interview: an intervention study. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1988;3:38‐47. - PubMed
Robbins 1979 {published data only}
    1. Robbins AS, Kauss DR, Heinrich R, Abrass I, Dreyer J, Clyman B. Interpersonal skills training: evaluation in an internal medicine residency. Journal of Medical Education 1979;54:885‐94. - PubMed
Roter 1995 {published data only}
    1. Roter DL, Hall JA, Kern DE, Barker R, Cole KA, Roca RP. Improving physicians' interviewing skills and reducing patients' emotional distress. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995;155:1877‐84. - PubMed
Smith 1998 {published data only}
    1. Smith RC, Lyles JS, Mettler J, Stoffelmayr BE, Vanegeren LF, Marshall AA, et al. The effectiveness of intensive training for residents in interviewing: A randomized controlled study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998;128(2):118‐26. - PubMed
    1. Smith RC, Lyles JS, Mettler JA, Marshall AA, Egeren LF, Stoffelmayr BE, et al. A strategy for improving patient satisfaction by the intensive training of residents in psychosocial medicine: a controlled, randomized study. Academic Medicine 1995;70(8):729‐32. - PubMed
    1. Smith RC, Mettler JA, Stoffelmayr BE, Lyles JS, Marshall AA, Egeren LF, et al. Improving residents' confidence in using psychosocial skills. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1995;10:315‐20. - PubMed
Smith 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lyles JS, Hodges A, Collins C, Lein C, Given CW, Given B, et al. Using nurse practitioners to implement an intervention in primary care for high‐utilizing patients with medically unexplained symptoms. General Hospital Psychiatry 2003;25(2):63‐73. - PubMed
    1. Smith RC, Lyles JS, Gardiner J, Sirbu C, Hodges A, Collins C, et al. Primary care clinicians treat patients with medically unexplained symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2006;21(7):671‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Song 2005 {published data only}
    1. Song MK, Kirchhoff KT, Douglas J, Ward S, Hammes B. A randomised, controlled trial to improve advance care planning among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Medical Care 2005;43(10):1049‐53. - PubMed
Sorlie 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sorlie T, Busund R, Sexton J, Sorlie D. Video information combined with individualized information sessions: effects upon emotional well being following coronary bypass surgery. A randomised trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2007;65(2):180‐8. - PubMed
Stewart 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stewart M, Brown JB, Hammerton J, Donner A, Gavin A, Holliday RL, et al. Improving communication between doctors and breast cancer patients. Annals of Family Medicine 2007;5(5):387‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Thom 1999 {published data only}
    1. Thom DH. Training physicians to increase patient trust. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2000;6(3):245‐53. - PubMed
    1. Thom DH, Bloch DA, Segal ES. An intervention to increase patients' trust in their physicians. Academic Medicine 1999;74(2):195‐8. - PubMed
Wilkinson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wilkinson S, Perry R, Blanchard K, Linsell L. Effectiveness of a three‐day communication skills course in changing nurses' communication skills with cancer/palliative care patients: a randomised controlled trial. Palliatative Medicine 2008;22(4):365‐75. - PubMed
Wolf 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wolf D, Lehman L, Quinlin R, Rosenzweig M, Friede S, Xullo T, et al. Can nurses impact patient outcomes using a patient‐centred care model?. Journal of Nursing Administration 2008;38(12):532‐40. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alroy 1984 {published data only}
    1. Alroy G, Ber R, Kramer D. An evaluation of the short‐term effects of an interpersonal skills course. Medical Education 1984;18:85‐9. - PubMed
Baile 1997 {published data only}
    1. Baile WF, Lenzi R, Kudelka AP, Maguire P, Novack D, Goldstein M, et al. Improving physician‐patient communication in cancer care. Journal of Cancer Education 1997;12(3):166‐73. - PubMed
Baile 1999 {published data only}
    1. Baile WF, Kudelka AP, Beale EA, Glober GA, Myers EG, Greisinger AJ, et al. Communication skills training in oncology. American Cancer Society 1999;86(5):887‐97. - PubMed
Beckman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Beckman H, Frankel R, Kihm J, Kulesza G, Geheb M. Measurement and improvement of humanistic skills in first‐year trainees. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1990;5:42‐5. - PubMed
Bensing 1985 {published data only}
    1. Bensing JM, Sluijs EM. Evaluation of an interview training course for general practitioners. Social Science and Medicine 1985;20(7):737‐44. - PubMed
Berg 1983 {published data only}
    1. Berg RA, Rimsza ME, Eisenberg N, Ganelin RS. Evaluation of a successful biosocial rotation. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1983;137:1066‐8. - PubMed
Blaasvaer 1998 {published data only}
    1. Blaasvaer S, Laerum E. A patient‐centred approach to health care: the effects on health‐related behaviour, consultation satisfaction and psychological well‐being [Effekter av helsepedagogisk tilnaerming pa helseatferd, konsultasjonstilfredshet og psykisk velvaere]. Tidsskr Nor Loegeforen nr 1998;118(3):370‐6. - PubMed
Bohme 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bohme H, Finke J, Teusch L. Effects of inpatient client‐centred psychotherapy in various illness: 1‐year follow‐up [Effekte stationarer gesprachspsychotherapie bei verschiedenen krankheitsbildern: 1‐jahres‐katamnese]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatic Medizinche Psychologie 1998;48(1):20‐9. - PubMed
Boscart 2009 {published data only}
    1. Boscart VM. A communication intervention for nursing staff in chronic care. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2009;65(9):1823‐32. - PubMed
Breunlin 1990 {published data only}
    1. Breunlin DC, Richman JS, Lattimer A. An evaluation strategy for behavioural pediatrics training. Family Systems Medicine 1990;8(1):48‐56.
Calhoun 1985 {published data only}
    1. Calhoun JG, Woolliscroft JO, Beauchamp C. Changing orientations of medical students to patients' care: biomedical versus biopsychosocial models. Psychological Reports 1985;56:91‐4. - PubMed
Caris‐Verhallen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Caris‐Verhallen WMCM, Kerkstra A, Bensing JM, Grypdonck MHF. Effects of video interaction analysis training on nurse‐patient communication in the care of the elderly. Patient Education and Counseling 2000;39:91‐103. - PubMed
Cope 1986 {published data only}
    1. Cope DW, Linn LS, Leake BD, Barrett PA. Modification of residents' behavior by preceptor feedback of patient satisfaction. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1986;1:394‐8. - PubMed
Covinsky 1998 {published data only}
    1. Covinsky KE, Palmer RM, Kresevic DM, Kahana E, Counsell SR, Fortinsky RH, et al. Improving functional outcomes in older patients: Lessons from an acute care for elders unit. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 1998;24(2):64‐76. - PubMed
Cox 1981 {published data only}
    1. Cox A, Holbrook D, Rutter M. Psychiatric interviewing techniques VI. Experimental study: Eliciting feelings. British Journal of Psychiatry 1981;139:144‐52. - PubMed
Cummings 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cummings SR, Richard RJ, Duncan CL, Hansen B, Martin RV, Gerbert B, et al. Training physicians about smoking cessation: A controlled trial in private practices. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1989;4:482‐9. - PubMed
Dick 1997 {published data only}
    1. Dick J, Lombard C. Shared vision ‐ a health education project designed to enhance adherence to anti‐tuberculosis treatment. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1997;1(2):181‐6. - PubMed
Dougherty 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dougherty MC, Dwyer JW, Pendergast JF, Tomlinson BU, Boyington AR, Vogel WB, et al. Community‐based nursing: continence care for older rural women. Nursing Outlook 1998;46(5):233‐44. - PubMed
Douglas 1996 {published data only}
    1. Douglas S, Daly BJ, Rudy EB, Sereika SM, Menzel L, Song R, et al. Survical experience of chronically critically ill patients. Nursing Research 1996;45(2):73‐7. - PubMed
Edberg 1996 {published data only}
    1. Edberg AK, Hallberg IR, Gustafson L. Effects of clinical supervision on nurse‐patient cooperation quality. Clinical Nursing Research 1996;5(2):127‐49. - PubMed
Eijkman 1977 {published data only}
    1. Eijkman MAJ, Karsdorp NE, Boeke B, Karsdorp‐Bimmerman EHLM. Experiences with a training course in patient counselling. Journal of Dental Education 1977;41(10):623‐5. - PubMed
Ericson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ericson D, Christersson C, Manogue M, Rohlin M. Clinical guidelines and self‐assessment in dental education. European Journal of Dental Education 1997;1:123‐8. - PubMed
Evans 1987 {published data only}
    1. Evans BJ, Kiellerup FD, Stanley RO, Burrows GD, Sweet B. A communication skills programme for increasing patients' satisfaction with general practice consultations. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1987;60:373‐8. - PubMed
Evans 1991 {published data only}
    1. Evans BJ, Stanley RO, Mestrovic R, Rose L. Effects of communication skills training on students' diagnostic efficiency. Medical Education 1991;25:517‐26. - PubMed
Evans 1992 {published data only}
    1. Evans BJ, Stanley RO, Burrows GD. Communication skills training and patients' satisfaction. Health Communication 1992;4(2):155‐70.
    1. Evans BJ, Stanley RO, Burrows GD, Sweet B. Lectures and skills workshops as teaching formats in a history‐taking skills course for medical students. Medical Education 1989;23:364‐70. - PubMed
Evans 1993 {published data only}
    1. Evans BJ, Sweet B, Coman GJ. Behavioural assessment of the effectiveness of a communication programme for medical students. Medical Education 1993;27:344‐50. - PubMed
Fallowfield 1998 {published data only}
    1. Fallowfield L, Lipkin M, Hall A. Teaching senior oncologists communication skills: results from phase I of a comprehensive longitudinal program in the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1998;16(5):1961‐8. - PubMed
Family Heart Study {published data only}
    1. Family Heart Study Group. Randomised controlled trial evaluating cardiovascular screening and intervention in general practice: principal results of British family heart study. British Medical Journal 1994;308:313‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Farhall 1998 {published data only}
    1. Farhall J, Webster B, Hocking B, Leggatt M, Riess C, Young J. Training to enhance partnerships between mental health professionals and family caregivers: A comparative study. Psychiatric Services 1998;49(11):1488‐90. - PubMed
Farsad 1978 {published data only}
    1. Farsad P, Galliguez P, Chamberlin R, Roghmann KJ. Teaching interviewing skills to paediatric house officers. Pediatrics 1978;61(3):384‐8. - PubMed
Fine 1977 {published data only}
    1. Fine, VK, Therrien ME. Empathy in the doctor‐patient relationship: skill training for medical students. Journal of Medical Education 1977;52:752‐7. - PubMed
Finnema 2000 {published data only}
    1. Finnema EJ, Droes RM, Ettema TP, Ooms ME, Ader HJ, Ribbe MW, et al. The effect of emotion‐oriented care on nursing home residents with dementia and their nursing assistants: a randomised clinical trial. In: Finnema E editor(s). Emotion‐oriented care in dementia: a psychosocial approach. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit, 2000:135‐63.
Foley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Foley ME, Nespoli G, Conde E. Using standardized patients and standardized physicians to improve patient‐care quality: results of a pilot study. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 1997;28(5):198‐204. - PubMed
Fox 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fox PJ, Breuer W, Wright JA. Effects of a health promotion program on sustaining health behaviours in older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1997;13(4):257‐64. - PubMed
Goldberg 1980 {published data only}
    1. Goldberg DP, Steele JJ, Smith C, Spivey L. Training family doctors to recognise psychiatric illness with increased accuracy. The Lancet 1980;2(8193):521‐3. - PubMed
Greenberg 1999 {published data only}
    1. Greenberg LW, Ochsenschlagert D, O'Donnell R, Mastruserio J, Cohen GJ. Communicating bad news: a paediatric department's evaluation of a simulated intervention. Pediatrics 1999;103(6):1210‐7. - PubMed
Greenfield 1988 {published data only}
    1. Greenfield S, Kaplan SH, Ware JE, Yano EM, Frank HJL. Patients' participation in medical care: effects on blood sugar control and quality of life in diabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1988;3:448‐57. - PubMed
Guillory‐Dunbar 1994 {published data only}
    1. Guillory‐Dunbar BM. Effects of staff‐patient relations training on employees and their feelings about their work. Health Care Supervisor 1994;13(1):26‐30. - PubMed
Haisch 1996 {published data only}
    1. Haisch J, Braun S, Bohm BO, Stock D. Effects of patient education in type II diabetic patients after clinic admission. Results of a 3 month catamnesis after new patient‐centred education [Schulungseffekte bei typ‐II‐diabetikern nach einem klinikaufenthalt]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatic, Medizinis Che Psychologie 1996;46(11):400‐4. - PubMed
Handmaker 1999 {published data only}
    1. Handmaker NS, Miller WR, Manicke M. Findings of a pilot study of motivational interviewing with pregnant drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1999;60(2):285‐7. - PubMed
Hebert 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hebert JR, Kristeller J, Ockene JK, Landon J, Luippold R, Goldberg RJ, et al. Patient characteristics and the effect of three physician‐delivered smoking interventions. Preventive Medicine 1992;21:557‐73. - PubMed
Hunsdon 1984 {published data only}
    1. Hunsdon S, Clarke SS. The impact of illness on patients and families: social workers teach medical students. Social Work in Health Care 1984;10(2):41‐52. - PubMed
Inui 1976 {published data only}
    1. Inui TS, Yourtee EL, Williamson JW. Improved outcomes in hypertension after physician tutorials: A controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1976;84:646‐51. - PubMed
Jacob 1988 {published data only}
    1. Jacob MR. Putting research into practice: the impact of interpersonal skills training on responses to patients' emotional concerns by nursing staff in a general hospital. The Florida Nurse 1988;36(9):18. - PubMed
    1. Jacob MR. The impact of interpersonal skills training on responses to patients' emotional concerns by nursing staff in a general hospital. D Ed dissertation, University of Georgia 1987. - PubMed
Johnson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Johnson JA, Kopp KC. Effectiveness of standardized patient instruction. Journal of Dental Education 1996;60(3):262‐6. - PubMed
Kauss 1980 {published data only}
    1. Kauss DR, Robbins AS, Abrass I, Bakaitis RF, Anderson LA. The long‐term effectiveness of interpersonal skills training in medical schools. Journal of Medical Education 1980;55:595‐601. - PubMed
Kihlgren 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kihlgren M, Hallgren A, Norberg A, Brane G, Karlsson I. Effects of the training of integrity‐promoting care on the interaction at a long‐term ward. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 1990;4(1):21‐8. - PubMed
Kihlgren 1992 {published data only}
    1. Kihlgren M, Lindsten IG, Norberg A, Karlsson I. The content of the oral daily reports at a long‐term ward before and after staff training in integrity promoting care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 1992;6(2):105‐12. - PubMed
Kihlgren 1993 {published data only}
    1. Kihlgren M, Kuremyr D, Norberg A, Brane G, Karlson I, Engstrom B, et al. Nurse‐patient interaction after training in integrity promoting care at a long‐term ward: analysis of video‐recorded morning care sessions. International Journal of Nursing Studies 1993;30(1):1‐13. - PubMed
Kosower 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kosower E, Inkelis S, Berman N, Seidel J. Evaluating telephone T.A.L.K. Journal of Biocommunication 1996;23(1):27‐31. - PubMed
Kramer 1987 {published data only}
    1. Kramer D, Ber R, Moore M. Impact of workshop on students' and physicians' rejecting behaviours in patient interviews. Journal of Medical Education 1987;62:904‐10. - PubMed
Ladyshewsky 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ladyshewsky R, Gotjamanos E. Communication skill development in health professional education: the use of standardised patients in combination with a peer assessment strategy. Journal of Allied Health 1997;26(4):177‐86. - PubMed
Landefeld 1995 {published data only}
    1. Landefeld CS, Palmer RM, Kresevic DM, Fortinsky RH, Kowal J. A randomised trial of care in a hospital medical unit especially designed to improve the functional outcomes of acutely ill older patients. NEJM 1995;332(20):1338‐44. - PubMed
Llewellyn‐Jones 1999 {published data only}
    1. Llewellyn‐Jones RH, Baikie KA, Smithers H, Cohen J, Snowdon J, Tennant CC. Multifaceted shared care intervention for late life depression in residential care: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999;319:676‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Maguire 1977 {published data only}
    1. Maguire GP, Clarke D, Jolley B. An experimental comparison of three courses in history‐taking skills for medical students. Medical Education 1977;11:175‐82. - PubMed
Maguire 1986 {published data only}
    1. Maguire P, Fairbairn S, Fletcher C. Consultation skills of young doctors: I ‐ Benefits of feedback training in interviewing as students persist. British Medical Journal 1986;292:1573‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Maiman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Maiman LA, Becker MH, Liptak GS, Nazarian LF, Rounds KA. Improving paediatrician's compliance‐enhancing practices. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1988;142:773‐9. - PubMed
Maisiak 1996 {published data only}
    1. Maisiak R, Austin JS, West SG, Heck L. The effect of person‐centred counselling on the psychological status of persons with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 1996;9(1):60‐6. - PubMed
Martin 1998 {published data only}
    1. Martin DP, Diehr P, Conrad DA, Davis JH, Leickly R, Perrin EB. Randomized trial of a patient‐centred hospital unit. Patient Education and Counseling 1998;34:125‐33. - PubMed
Mayer 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mayer TA, Cates RJ, Mastorovich MJ, Royalty DL. Emergency department patient satisfaction: customer service training improves patient satisfaction and ratings of physician and nurse skill. Journal of Healthcare Management 1998;43(5):427‐41. - PubMed
McCourt 1998 {published data only}
    1. McCourt C, Page L, Hewison J, Vail A. Evaluation of one‐to‐one midwifery: Women's responses to care. Birth 1998;25(2):73‐80. - PubMed
McManus 1993 {published data only}
    1. McManus IC, Vincent CA, Thom S, Kidd J. Teaching communication skills to clinical students. BMJ 1993;306:1322‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Meland 1996 {published data only}
    1. Meland E, Laerum E, Maeland JG. Life style intervention in general practice: effects on psychological well‐being and patient satisfaction. Quality of Life Research 1996;5:348‐54. - PubMed
Miller 1993 {published data only}
    1. Miller WR, Benefield RG, Tonigan JS. Enhancing motivation for change in problem drinking: a controlled comparison of two therapist styles. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993;61(3):455‐61. - PubMed
Morgan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Morgan ER, Winter RJ. Teaching communication skills. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 1996;150:638‐42. - PubMed
Myers 1991 {published data only}
    1. Myers RE, Stephens SA, Boyce AA, Hermann J. Educating allied health professionals to provide care for cancer patients and their families. Journal of Health & Social Policy 1991;3(2):49‐69. - PubMed
Nathan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Nathan RG, Hohmann LK, Nusbaum HJ. Initial evaluation of a hidden agenda ‐ method of teaching the interview. Family Medicine 1991;23(4):285‐6. - PubMed
Novack 1992 {published data only}
    1. Novack DH, Dube C, Goldstein MG. Teaching medical interviewing: a basic course on interviewing and the physician‐patient relationship. Archives of Internal Medicine 1992;152:1814‐20. - PubMed
Ockene 1988 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Quirk ME, Goldberg RJ, Kristeller JL, Donnelly G, Kalan KL, et al. A residents' training program for the development of smoking intervention skills. Archives of Internal Medicine 1988;148:1039‐45. - PubMed
Ockene 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, Amick TL, Pekow PS, Hosmer D, et al. Increasing the efficacy of physician‐delivered smoking interventions: a randomised clinical trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1991;6:1‐8. - PubMed
Ockene 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Adams A, Pbert L, Luippold R, Herbert JR, Quirk M, et al. The physician‐delivered smoking intervention project: factors that determine how much the physician intervenes with smokers. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1994;9:379‐84. - PubMed
Ockene 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Ockene IS, Quirk ME, Hebert JR, Saperia GM, Luippold RS, et al. Physician training for patient‐centred nutrition counselling in a lipid intervention trial. Preventive Medicine 1995;24:563‐70. - PubMed
Ockene 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Wheeler EV, Adams A, Hurley TG, Hebert J. Provider training for patient‐centred alcohol counselling in a primary care setting. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(20):2334‐41. - PubMed
Ockene 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ockene IS, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Merriam PA, Hurley TG, Saperia GM. Effect of training and a structured office practice on physician‐delivered nutrition counselling: the Worchester‐area trial for counselling in hyperlipidaemia (WATCH). American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996;12(4):252‐8. - PubMed
    1. Ockene IS, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Saperia GM, Stanek Ed, Nicolosi R, et al. Effect of physician‐delivered nutrition counselling training and an office‐support program on saturated fat intake, weight, and serum lipid measurements in a hyperlipidaemic population. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999;159:725‐31. - PubMed
Ockene 1999b {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Adams A, Hurley TG, Wheeler EV, Hebert JR. Brief physician‐ and nurse practitioner‐delivered counselling for high‐risk drinkers. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999b;159(Oct 11):2198‐205. - PubMed
Ogden 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ogden J, Hoppe R. The relative effectiveness of two styles of educational package to change practice nurses' management of obesity. International Journal of Obesity 1997;21:963‐71. - PubMed
Olson 1987 {published data only}
    1. Olson JK, Iwasiw CL. Effects of a training model on active listening skills of post‐RN students. Journal of Nursing Education 1987;26(3):104‐7. - PubMed
OXCHECK study group {published data only}
    1. Muir J, Mant D, Jones L, Yudkin P. Effectiveness of health checks conducted by nurses in primary care: results of the OXCHECK study after one year. British Medical Journal 1994;308:308‐12.
Perkonigg 1995 {published data only}
    1. Perkonigg A, Wittchen HU, Winkler S. The "patient anxiety seminar" as a graduate education program ‐ effectiveness and use in general practice [Das fortbildungsprogramm "patientenseminar angst" ‐ wirksamkeit and einsatz in der praxis]. Zeitschrift fur Arztliche Fortbildung (Jena) 1995;89(4):370‐7. - PubMed
Phillips 1997 {published data only}
    1. Phillips RM, Baldwin BA. Teaching psychosocial care to long‐term care nursing assistants. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 1997;28(3):130‐4. - PubMed
Poole 1979 {published data only}
    1. Poole AD, Sanson‐Fisher RW. Understanding the patient: a neglected aspect of medical education. Social Science & Medicine ‐ Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology 1979;13A(1):37‐43. - PubMed
    1. Poole DA, Sanson‐Fisher RW. Long‐term effects of empathy training on the interview skills of medical students. Patient Counselling and Health Education 1980;Third Quarter:125‐7. - PubMed
Quirk 1993 {published data only}
    1. Quirk ME, Godkin MA, Schwenzfeier E. Evaluation of two AIDS prevention interventions for inner‐city adolescent and young adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1993;9(1):21‐6. - PubMed
Rabinowitz 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rabinowitz S, Kushnir T, Ribak J. Developing psychosocial mindedness and sensitivity to mental health issues among primary care nurses using the balint group method. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1994;31(4):280‐6. - PubMed
Razavi 1988 {published data only}
    1. Razavi D, Delvaux N, Farvacques C, Robaye E. Immediate effectiveness of brief psychological training for health professionals dealing with terminally ill cancer patients: a controlled study. Social Science and Medicine 1988;27(4):369‐75. - PubMed
Robins 1989 {published data only}
    1. Robins LS, Wolf FM. The effect of training on medical students' responses to geriatric patient concerns: results of a linguistic analysis. The Gerontologist 1989;29(3):341‐4. - PubMed
Roche 1996 {published data only}
    1. Roche AM, Eccleston P, Sanson‐Fisher R. Teaching smoking cessation skills to senior medical students: a block‐randomised controlled trial of four different approaches. Preventive Medicine 1996;25:251‐8. - PubMed
Rollnick 1997 {published data only}
    1. Rollnick S, Butler CC, Stott N. Helping smokers make decisions: the enhancement of brief intervention for general medical practice. Patient Education and Counseling 1997;31:191‐203. - PubMed
Roter 1990 {published data only}
    1. Roter DL, Cole KA, Kern DE, Barker LR, Grayson M. An evaluation of residency training in interviewing skills and the psychosocial domain of medical practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1990;5:347‐54. - PubMed
Roter 1998 {published data only}
    1. Roter D, Rosenbaum J, Negri B, Renaud D, DiPrete‐Brown L, Hernandez O. The effects of a continuing medical education programme in interpersonal communication skills on doctor practice and patient satisfaction in Trinidad and Tobago. Medical Education 1998;32:181‐9. - PubMed
Saltmarche 1998 {published data only}
    1. Saltmarche A, Kolodny V, Mitchell GJ. An educational approach for patient‐focused care. Journal of Nursing Staff Development 1998;14(2):81‐6. - PubMed
Sanson‐Fisher 1978 {published data only}
    1. Sanson‐Fisher RW, Poole AD. Training medical students to empathize: an experimental study. Medical Journal of Australia 1978;1:473‐6. - PubMed
Scheidt 1986 {published data only}
    1. Scheidt PC, Lagoritz S, Ebbeling WL, Figelman AR, Moessner HF, Singer JE. Evaluation of system providing feedback to students on videotaped patient encounters. Journal of Medical Education 1986;61:585‐90. - PubMed
Schubert 1989 {published data only}
    1. Schubert DSP, Billowitz A, Gabinet L, Friedson W. Effect of liaison psychiatry on attitudes toward psychiatry, rate of consultation, and psychosocial documentation. General Hospital Psychiatry 1989;11:77‐87. - PubMed
Seim 1995 {published data only}
    1. Seim HC, Verhoye JR. Comparison of training techniques using a patient‐centred approach to smoking cessation. Medical Education 1995;29:139‐43. - PubMed
Sidorov 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sidorov J, Christianson M, Girolami S, Wydra C. A successful tobacco cessation program led by primary care nurses in a managed care setting. The American Journal of Managed Care 1997;3(3):207‐14. - PubMed
Simek‐Downing 1985 {published data only}
    1. Simek‐Downing L, Quirk M. Videotape analyses of medical students' interviewing skills. Family Medicine 1985;17(2):57‐60. - PubMed
Simkin‐Silverman1997 {published data only}
    1. Simkin‐Silverman LR, Wing RR. Management of obesity in primary care. Obesity Research 1997;5(6):603‐12. - PubMed
Smith 1991 {published data only}
    1. Smith RC, Osborn G, Hoppe RB, Lyles JS, Egeren L, Henry R, et al. Efficacy of a one‐month training block in psychosocial medicine for residents: a controlled study. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1991;6:535‐43. - PubMed
Snoek 1986 {published data only}
    1. Snoek FJ, Verrips GHW. Learning cooperation. An evaluation of a training programme in co‐operative skills for dental students [Evaluatie van een training in samenwerkingsvaardigheden ten behoeve van doctoraalstudenten tandheelkunde]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 1986;93(3):120‐3. - PubMed
Stein 1999 {published data only}
    1. Stein TS, Kwan J. Thriving in a busy practice: physician‐patient communication training. Effective Clinical Practice 1999;2(2):63‐70. - PubMed
Steyn 1997 {published data only}
    1. Steyn M, Merwe N, Dick J, Borcherds R, Wilding RJC. Communication with TB patients; a neglected dimension of effective treatment?. Curationis 1997;20(1):53‐6. - PubMed
Stillman 1977 {published data only}
    1. Stillman PL, Sabers DL, Redfield BM. Use of trained mothers to teach interviewing skills to first‐year medical students: A follow‐up study. Pediatrics 1977;60(2):165‐9. - PubMed
Szekely 1986 {published data only}
    1. Szekely B, Botwin D, Eidelman BH, Becker M, Elman N, Schemm R. Nonpharmacological treatment of menstrual headache: relaxation‐biofeedback behavior therapy and person‐centred insight therapy. Headache 1986;26(2):86‐92. - PubMed
Ter Horst 1980 {published data only}
    1. Ter Horst G, Bekker M, Moltzer G. Communication skills training by means of videotaped interaction of dental students with their patients. Development, realisation and evaluation of a trial educational method [Training in communicatieve vaardigheden met behulp van video‐opnamen vanpatientenbehandelingen]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 1980;87(December):480‐4. - PubMed
Ter Horst 1984 {published data only}
    1. Ter Horst G, Leeds JG, Hoogstraten J. Effectiveness of communication skills training for dental students. Psychological Reports 1984;55:7‐11. - PubMed
Teusch 1997 {published data only}
    1. Teusch L, Bohme H, Gastpar M. The benefit of an insight‐oriented and experiential approach on panic and agoraphobia symptoms. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1997;66:293‐301. - PubMed
Thompson 1982 {published data only}
    1. Thompson TL, Stoudemire A, Mitchell WD. Effects of a psychiatric liaison program on internists' ability to assess psychosocial problems. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1982;12(2):153‐60. - PubMed
Thompson 1990 {published data only}
    1. Thompson SC, Nanni C, Schwankovsky L. Patient‐oriented interventions to improve communication in a medical office visit. Health Psychology 1990;9(4):390‐404. - PubMed
Utting 2000 {published data only}
    1. Utting MR, Campbell F, Rayner C, Whitehouse CR, Dornan TL. Consultation skills of medical students before and after changes in curriculum. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2000;93:247‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Vaidya 1999 {published data only}
    1. Vaidya VU, Greenberg LW, Patel KM, Strauss LH, Pollack MM. Teaching physicians how to break bad news. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescence Medicine 1999;153:419‐22. - PubMed
Vail 1996 {published data only}
    1. Vail R, Mahon‐Salazar C, Morrison A, Kalet A. Patients as teachers: an integrated approach to teaching medical students about the ambulatory care of HIV infected patients. Patient Education and Counseling 1996;27:95‐101. - PubMed
Verhaak 1988 {published data only}
    1. Verhaak PFM. Detection of psychologic complaints by general practitioners. Medical Care 1988;26(10):1009‐20. - PubMed
Ward 1975 {published data only}
    1. Ward NG, Stein L. Reducing emotional distance: a new method to teach interviewing skills. Journal of Medical Education 1975;50:605‐14. - PubMed
Ward 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ward J, Sanson‐Fisher R. Does a 3‐day workshop for family medicine trainees improve preventive care? A randomised control trial. Preventive Medicine 1996;25:741‐7. - PubMed
White 1999 {published data only}
    1. White MK, Malik T. Teaching clinician‐patient communication in the treatment of breast diseases. Journal of Women's Health 1999;8(1):39‐44. - PubMed
Wilkinson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wilkinson S, Roberts A, Aldridge J. Nurse‐patient communication in palliative care: an evaluation of a communication skills programme. Palliative Medicine 1998;12:13‐22. - PubMed
Willetts 1997 {published data only}
    1. Willets LE, Leff J. Expressed emotion and schizophrenia: the efficacy of a staff training programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1997;26:1125‐33. - PubMed
Wist 1993 {published data only}
    1. Wist E. Teaching communication with cancer patients and terminally ill patients to medical students. Journal of Cancer Education 1993;8(2):119‐22. - PubMed

Additional references

Anderson 1990
    1. Anderson LA, Dedrick RF. Development of the trust in physician scale: a measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient‐physician relationships. Psychological Reports 1990;67:1091‐100. - PubMed
Balint 1955
    1. Balint M. The doctor, his patient and the illness. Lancet 1955;1:318. - PubMed
Balint 1956
    1. Balint M. The doctor, his patient and the illness. London: Pitman, 1956. - PubMed
Balint 1969
    1. Balint M, Ball DH, Hare ML. Training medical students in patient‐centered medicine. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1969;10(4):249‐58. - PubMed
Bjartveit 1987
    1. Bjartveit K. Handbook for the cardiovascular disease survey. Vol. 160, National Health Screening Service, 1987.
Blair 1985
    1. Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, Paffenbarger RS, Vranizan KM, Farquhar JW, et al. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven‐day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985;122:794‐804. - PubMed
Bradley 1994
    1. Bradley C, ed. Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes: A Guide to Psychological Measurement in Diabetes Research and Management. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic, 1994.
Brockway 1978
    1. Brockway BS. Evaluating physician competency: what difference does it make?. Evaluation and Program Planning 1978;1:211‐20. - PubMed
Brown 1999
    1. Brown SJ. Patient‐centred communication. Annual Review of Nursing Research 1999;17:85‐104. - PubMed
Byrne 1976
    1. Byrne P, Long B. Doctors Talking to Patients. London: HMSO, 1976.
Carter 1989
    1. Carter WB, Inui TS. How patients judge the humanistic skills of their physicians. Philadelphia: American Board of Internal Medicine Final Report on the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire 1989.
Coulter 1998
    1. Coulter A, Entwistle V, Gilbert D. Informing Patients: An Assessment of the Quality of Patient Information Materials. London: Kings Fund, 1998.
Craig 2008
    1. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Mitchie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2008;337(a1655):979‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Crossley 1992
    1. Crossley D, Myers P, Wilkinson G. Assessment of psychological care in general practice. BMJ 1992;305:1333‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 1991
    1. Davis AR, Ware JE. GHAA's consumer satisfaction survey. Group Health Association of America. Washington, DC 1991.
Epstein 2007
    1. Epstein AM, Street RL Jr. Patient‐Centered Communication in Cancer Care: Promoting Healing and Reducing Suffering. Bethesda MD: National Cancer Institute, NIH, 2007.
Epstein 2011
    1. Epstein RM, Street RL Jr. The values and value of patient‐centered care. Annals of Family Medicine 2011;9(2):100‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Godin 1985
    1. Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behaviour in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences 1985;10:141‐6. - PubMed
Goldberg 1979
    1. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine 1979;9:139‐45. - PubMed
Goldberg 1988
    1. Goldberg D, Williams P. A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER Nelson, 1988.
Greenfield 1985
    1. Greenfield S, Kaplan S, Ware JE. Expanding patient involvement in care. Effects on patient outcomes. Annals of Internal Medicine 1985;102:520‐8. - PubMed
Griffin 2004
    1. Griffin SJ, Kinmonth AL, Veltman MW, Gillard S, Grant J, Stewart M. Effect on health‐related outcomes of interventions to alter the interaction between patients and practitioners: a systematic review of trials. Annals of Family Medicine 2004;2(6):595‐608. - PMC - PubMed
Grol 1990
    1. Grol R, Whitfield M, Maeseneer J, Mokkink H. Attitudes to risk taking in medical decision making among British, Dutch and Belgian general practitioners. British Journal of General Practice 1990;40(333):134‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hackett 1996
    1. Hackett PMW, Pill RM, Stott NCH. Tests for diabetes treatment satisfaction tested. Diabetic Medicine 1996;13:685‐6. - PubMed
Henbest 1989
    1. Henbest RJ, Stewart MA. Patient‐centredness in the consultation: a method for measurement. Family Practice 1989;6(4):249‐53. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
IAPO 2007
    1. International Alliance of Patients' Organizations (IAPO). What is Patient‐Centered Healthcare? A Review of Definitions and Principles. 2nd Edition. London: IAPO, 2007.
IOM 2001
    1. IOM. Crossing the Quality Chasm. A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2001. - PubMed
Kagan 1975
    1. Kagan N. Influencing human interaction: eleven years with IPR. Canadian Counsellor 1975;9:74‐97.
Kiresuk 1986
    1. Kiresuk R, Sherman RE. Goal attainment scaling: A general method for evaluating comprehensive community mental health programs. Community Mental Health Journal 1986;44:443‐53. - PubMed
Laine 1996
    1. Laine C, Davidoff F. Patient‐centered medicine: a professional evolution. JAMA 1996;275:152‐6. - PubMed
Lewis 1986
    1. Lewis C, Scott DE, Pantell RH, et al. Parent satisfaction with children's medical care: development, field test and validation of a questionnaire. Medical Care 1986;24:209‐15. - PubMed
Lipkin 1984
    1. Lipkin M Jr, Quill TE, Napodano RJ. The medical interview: a core curriculum for residencies in internal medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 1984;100(2):277‐84. - PubMed
Maere 1991
    1. Maere A, Bjorndal A, Holmen J, Midthjell K, Kjaersgaard P. Physical activity among adults in a Norwegian county. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1991;111:3695‐9. - PubMed
Matthews 1989
    1. Matthews DA, Feinstein AR. A new instrument for patients' ratings of physician performance in the hospital setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1989;4:14‐22. - PubMed
Mazor 2005
    1. Mazor KM, Ockene JK, Rogers HJ, Carlin MM, Quirk ME. The relationship between checklist scores on a communication OSCE and analogue patients' perceptions of communication. Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice 2005;10(1):37‐51. - PubMed
McWhinney 1989
    1. McWhinney I. The need for a transformed clinical method. In: Stewart M, Roter D editor(s). Communicating with Medical Patients. London: Sage, 1989.
Mead 2000
    1. Mead N, Bower P. Patient‐centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Social Science and Medicine 2000;51(7):1087‐110. - PubMed
Moral 2001
    1. Moral RR, Alamo MM, Jurado MA, Torres LP. Effectiveness of a learner‐centred training programme for primary care physicians in using a patient‐centred consultation style. Family Practice 2001;18(1):60‐3. - PubMed
Murphy 1992
    1. Murphy E. Lay health concepts and response to medical advice about lifestyle modification: the case of people with a diagnosis of non insulin dependent diabetes. [Dissertation], Southhampton: University of Southampton 1992.
Ong 1995
    1. Ong LML, Haes JCJM, Hoos AM, Lammes FB. Doctor‐patient communication: a review of the literature. Social Science and Medicine 1995;40(7):903‐18. - PubMed
Rao 2007
    1. Rao JK, Anderson LA, Inui TS, Frankel RM. Communication interventions make a difference in conversations between physicians and patients: a systematic review of the evidence. Medical Care 2007;45(4):340‐9. - PubMed
Rifkin 1988
    1. Rifkin L, Wolf M, Lewis C, Pantell R. Children's perceptions of physicians and medical care: Two measures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1988;13:247‐54. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/13.2.247] - DOI - PubMed
Roe 1994
    1. Roe L, Strong C, Whiteside C, Neil A, Mant D. Dietary interventions in primary care: validity of the DINE method for dietary assessment. Family Practice 1994;11:375‐81. - PubMed
Roter 1977
    1. Roter DL. Patient participation in the patient‐provider interaction: the effects of patient question asking on the quality of interaction, satisfaction and compliance. Health Education Monographs 1977;5:281‐315. - PubMed
Roter 1991
    1. Roter DL. The Roter Interactional Analysis System (RIAS) Coding Manual. Baltimore MD: School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 1991.
Shojania 2005
    1. Shojania KG, Grimshaw JM. Evidence‐based quality improvement: the state of the science. Health Affairs 2005;24(1):138‐49. - PubMed
Stacey 2011
    1. Stacey D, Bennett CL, Barry MJ, Col NF, Eden KB, Holmes‐Rovner M, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001431.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Stewart 1981
    1. Stewart TJ, Pantell RH, Dias JK, Wells PA, Ross AW. Children as patients: a communications process study in family practice. Journal of Family Practice 1981;13(6):827‐35. - PubMed
Stewart 1995a
    1. Stewart M. Effective physician‐patient communication and health outcomes: a review. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1995;152(9):1423‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Stewart 1995b
    1. Stewart M, Brown JB, Weston WW, McWhinney IR, McWilliam CL, Freeman TR. Patient‐Centred Medicine: Transforming the Clinical Method. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 1995.
Stiles 1978
    1. Stiles WB. Manual for a taxonomy of verbal response modes. Institute for Research in Social Science: University of North California at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 1978.
Truax 1967
    1. Truax CB, Carkhuff RR. Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy. Chicago: Aldine Press, 1967.
US 2012
    1. US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). 2012 Step 2 CS Content Description and information for examinees testing for USMLE. Philadelphia, PA: USMLE, 2012.
van Thiel 1991
    1. Thiel J, Kraan HF, Vleuten CP. Reliability and feasibility in measuring medical interviewing skills: the revised Maastricht History‐Taking and Advice Checklist (MAAS‐R). Medical Education 1991;25:224‐9. - PubMed
Venham 1979
    1. Venham LL, Gaulin‐Kremer E. A self‐report measure of situational anxiety for young children. Pediatric Dentistry 1979;2:91‐6. - PubMed
Verghese 2011
    1. Verghese A, Brady E, Kapur CC, Horwitz RI. The bedside evaluation: ritual and reason. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155(8):550‐3. - PubMed
Weaver 1993
    1. Weaver MJ, Ow CL, Walker DJ, Degenhardt EF. A questionnaire for patients' evaluations of their physicians' humanistic behaviours. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1993;8:135‐9. - PubMed
Winefield 1995
    1. Winefield HR, Murrell TG, Clifford JV, Farmer EA. The usefulness of distinguishing different types of general practice consultation, or are needed skills always the same?. Family Practice 1995;12(4):402‐7. - PubMed
Wolf 1978
    1. Wolf MH, Putnam SM, James SA, Stiles WB. The medical interview satisfaction scale: development of a scale to measure patient perceptions of physician behaviour. Journal of Behavioural Medicine 1978;1:391‐401. - PubMed
Wolf 1980
    1. Wolf MH. Patient beliefs, personality traits, health perceptions, and response biases are predictors of medical interview satisfaction. PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1980.
Wolf 1981
    1. Wolf MH, Stiles WB. [Further development of the medical interview satisfaction scale]. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Convention. Los Angeles, California, August 1981.

References to other published versions of this review

Lewin 2001
    1. Lewin SA, Skea ZC, Entwistle V, Zwarenstein M, Dick J. Interventions for providers to promote a patient‐centered approach in clinical consultations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003267] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources