Superoxide generation by complex III: from mechanistic rationales to functional consequences

Abstract

Apart from complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III; ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase) has been identified as the main producer of superoxide and derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Mitochondrial ROS are generally linked to oxidative stress, aging and other pathophysiological settings like in neurodegenerative diseases. However, ROS produced at the ubiquinol oxidation center (center P, Qo site) of complex III seem to have additional physiological functions as signaling molecules during cellular processes like the adaptation to hypoxia. The molecular mechanism of superoxide production that is mechanistically linked to the electron bifurcation during ubiquinol oxidation is still a matter of debate. Some insight comes from extensive kinetic studies with mutated complexes from yeast and bacterial cytochrome bc1 complexes. This review is intended to bridge the gap between those mechanistic studies and investigations on complex III ROS in cellular signal transduction and highlights factors that impact superoxide generation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex III and related bc complexes.

Keywords: Complex III; Cytochrome bc(1) complex; H(2)O(2); Mitochondria; O(2)(−); Q; Q(i) site/center N; Q(o) site/center P; Q(−)/SQ; QH(2); ROS; Reactive oxygen species; Redox signaling; SMPs; Superoxide; hydrogen peroxide; reactive oxygen species; semiquinone; submitochondrial particles; superoxide; ubiquinol; ubiquinol oxidation site; ubiquinone; ubiquinone reduction site.