Hydrocephalus in tuberculous meningitis: Incidence, its predictive factors and impact on the prognosis

Abstract

Background: Hydrocephalus is one of the most common complications of tuberculous meningitis. The present study evaluated the incidence, predictive factors and impact of hydrocephalus on overall prognosis of tuberculous meningitis.

Material and methods: In a prospective cohort study, all patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria of tuberculous meningitis underwent clinical and cerebrospinal fluid evaluation, together with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Patients were treated with antituberculosis drugs and dexamethasone. Follow up neuroimaging was done after 6 months. Hydrocephalus was assessed using Evan's index.

Results: Of 80 patients with tuberculous meningitis, 52(65%) had hydrocephalus at presentation. During follow up, 8 new patients developed hydrocephalus. Factors associated with hydrocephalus included advanced stage of disease, severe disability, duration of illness > 2 months, diplopia, seizures, visual impairment, papilledema, cranial nerve palsy, hemiparesis, CSF total cell count > 100/cu.mm, CSF protein > 2.5 g/l. Neuroimaging factors that were significantly associated with hydrocephalus included basal exudates, tuberculoma and infarcts. Multivariate analysis revealed visual impairment, cranial nerve palsy and the presence of basal exudates as significant predictors of hydrocephalus. In 13 patients, with early tuberculous meningitis, there was complete resolution of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was significantly associated with mortality and poor outcome.

Conclusion: Hydrocephalus occurs in approximately two-third of patients with tuberculous meningitis and has an unfavorable impact on the prognosis. Hydrocephalus in early stages of tuberculous meningitis may resolve completely.