Differences in dual-task performance and prefrontal cortex activation between younger and older adults

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine task-related changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during a dual-task in both healthy young and older adults and compare patterns of activation between the age groups. We also sought to determine whether brain activation during a dual-task relates to executive/attentional function and how measured factors associated with both of these functions vary between older and younger adults.

Results: Thirty-five healthy volunteers (20 young and 15 elderly) participated in this study. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was employed to measure PFC activation during a single-task (performing calculations or stepping) and dual-task (performing both single-tasks at once). Cognitive function was assessed in the older patients with the Trail-making test part B (TMT-B). Major outcomes were task performance, brain activation during task (oxygenated haemoglobin: Oxy-Hb) measured by NIRS, and TMT-B score. Mixed ANOVAs were used to compare task factors and age groups in task performance. Mixed ANOVAs also compared task factors, age group and time factors in task-induced changes in measured Oxy-Hb. Among the older participants, correlations between the TMT-B score and Oxy-Hb values measured in each single-task and in the dual-task were examined using a Pearson correlation coefficient.Oxy-Hb values were significantly increased in both the calculation task and the dual-task within patients in both age groups. However, the Oxy-Hb values associated with there were higher in the older group during the post-task period for the dual-task. Also, there were significant negative correlations between both task-performance accuracy and Oxy-Hb values during the dual-task and participant TMT-B scores.

Conclusions: Older adults demonstrated age-specific PFC activation in response to dual-task challenge. There was also a significant negative correlation between PFC activation during dual-task and executive/attentional function. These findings suggest that the high cognitive load induced by dual-task activity generates increased PFC activity in older adults. However, this relationship appeared to be strongest in participants with better baseline attention and executive functions.

Figure 1

NIRS probe setting and task protocol. On the left: NIRS probe setting, on the right: brain mapping and ROI setup, bottom: task protocol.

Figure 2

Hemodynamic changes in PFC in each task (true time courses). Top: in dual-task, middle: in calculation task, bottom: in stepping task, solid line: Older group, dotted line: Younger group.

Figure 3

Hemodynamic changes in PFC in each task (averaged in 10 sec). Top: in dual-task, middle: in calculation task, bottom: in stepping task, solid line: Older group, dotted line: Younger group.

Figure 4

Correlation between Oxy-Hb values and the TMT-B in the older group. (○): dual-task, (●): calculation task, (□): stepping task.