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. 2014 Apr;16(2):218-27.
doi: 10.1177/1099800412473820. Epub 2013 Feb 2.

Clinical update on genetic and autoimmune biomarkers in pediatric diabetes

M Rebecca O'Connor  1 , Ardith Doorenbos, Joachim Voss
Affiliations

Clinical update on genetic and autoimmune biomarkers in pediatric diabetes

M Rebecca O'Connor et al. Biol Res Nurs. 2014 Apr.

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this clinical update is to review the etiology of diabetes types affecting youth under 20 and describe diabetes-related genetic and autoimmune biomarkers based on the most recent literature. This information will support diabetes care providers' efforts to better explain the complex topic to patients and families.

Method: A PubMed search identified 396 reviews published from 2008 to 2011 that included the topics of etiology, epidemiology, genetics/epigenetics, pathogenesis, or immunology related to diabetes in youth. The current clinical update includes 19 of these.

Results: The majority of youth under 20 years with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes. Other forms of the disease affecting this population include Type 2, monogenic, and secondary diabetes. Genetic and autoimmune biomarkers can help determine the risk and diagnosis of both Type 1 and monogenic diabetes. An accurate diagnosis of diabetes type allows for determination of optimal treatment options.

Conclusion: The complexity of determining etiology, risk, diagnosis, and treatment for diabetes in youth is increasing with the rate of related genetic and immunologic advances. Diabetes care providers must be able to explain the complex genetic and autoimmune biomarkers used in determining the risk of diabetes, diagnosis of the disease, and identification of treatment options to patients and families.

Keywords: autoantibodies; biomarkers; genetics; monogenic diabetes; type 1 diabetes; youth.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Visual representation of diabetes-related gene locations (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2011).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Diagnosis flow chart documenting steps to be taken to identify diabetes type and treatment in youth. DAA = diabetes autoantibodies; DM = diabetes mellitus; hx = history; ODM = other diabetes medications (all except insulin); s/sx = signs/symptoms; T1D = Type 1 diabetes; T2D = Type 2 diabetes; T1b = Type 1 b diabetes (idiopathic); tx = treat.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Diagnosis flow chart documenting steps to be taken to identify diabetes type and treatment in youth. DAA = diabetes autoantibodies; DM = diabetes mellitus; hx = history; ODM = other diabetes medications (all except insulin); s/sx = signs/symptoms; T1D = Type 1 diabetes; T2D = Type 2 diabetes; T1b = Type 1 b diabetes (idiopathic); tx = treat.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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