Afrotropical flea beetle genera: a key to their identification, updated catalogue and biogeographical analysis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)

Abstract

A revision of the Alticini genera from the Afrotropical region is reported. The paper includes the following for the flea beetle fauna occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: a key to their identification; habitus photos of all the genera; microscope and scanning electron micrographs of many diagnostic morphological characters; and an updated annotated catalogue with biogeographical notes that include new distributional data. The following new synonymies are proposed: Aphthona Chevrolat, 1836 = Ethiopia Scherer, 1972 syn. n.; Sanckia Duvivier, 1891 = Eugonotes Jacoby, 1897 syn. n.; Eurylegna Weise, 1910a = Eurylegniella Scherer, 1972 syn. n.; Kimongona Bechyné, 1959a = Mesocrepis Scherer, 1963 syn. n.; Diphaulacosoma Jacoby, 1892a = Neoderina Bechyné, 1952 syn. n.; Sesquiphaera Bechyné, 1958a = Paropsiderma Bechyné, 1958a syn. n.; Podagrica Chevrolat, 1836 = Podagricina Csiki in Heikertinger and Csiki 1940syn. n.; Amphimela Chapuis, 1875 = Sphaerophysa Baly, 1876a syn. n. The following new combinations are proposed: Blepharida insignis Brancsik, 1897 = Xanthophysca insignis (Brancsik, 1897) comb. n.; Blepharida multiguttata Duvivier, 1891 = Xanthophysca multiguttata (Duvivier, 1891) comb. n.; Hemipyxis balyana (Csiki in Heikertinger and Csiki 1940) = Pseudadorium balyanum (Csiki in Heikertinger and Csiki, 1940) comb. n.; Hemipyxis brevicornis (Jacoby, 1892a) = Pseudadorium brevicornis (Jacoby, 1892a) comb. n.; Hemipyxis cyanea (Weise, 1910b) = Pseudadorium cyaneum (Weise, 1910b) comb. n.; Hemipyxis gynandromorpha Bechyné, 1958c = Pseudadorium gynandromorphum (Bechyné, 1958c) comb. n.; Hemipyxis latiuscula Bechyné, 1958c = Pseudadorium latiusculum (Bechyné, 1958c) comb. n.; Hemipyxis soror (Weise, 1910b) = Pseudadorium soror (Weise, 1910b) comb. n. The genera Buphonella Jacoby, 1903aand Halticopsis Fairmaire, 1883a are transferred to the tribe Galerucini; the genus Biodontocnema Biondi, 2000 stat. prom. is considered to be valid and reinstated at generic level. Finally, a zoogeographical analysis of the flea beetle fauna in the Afrotropical region is provided.

Keywords: Afrotropical region; Alticini; Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae; Taxonomy; catalogue; flea beetle genera; identification key; new combinations; status promotus; synonymies.

Figure 1.

Chronology of publications on the Afrotropical flea beetle fauna. ASC: Afrotropical Scientific Contributions (update from Biondi and D’Alessandro 2010a).

Figures 2–10.

Habitus. 2 Abrarius cribrosus Fairmaire 3 Afroaltica subaptera Biondi & D’Alessandro 4 Afrocrepis malvernensis (Jacoby) 5 Afrorestia peringueyi (Jacoby) 6 Alocypha bimaculata (Jacoby) 7 Altica madagascariensis (Allard) 8 Amphimela bryanti (Csiki) 9 Amphimela (ex Sphaerophysa Baly) heikertingeri (Bechyné) 10 Anaxerta castanea Fairmaire.

Figures 11–19.

Habitus .11 Angulaphthona heteromorpha (Bechyné) 12 Antanemora ghesquierei (Bechyné) 13 Aphthona senegalensis Jacoby 14 Aphthona (ex Ethiopia Scherer) tricolor (Scherer) 15 Argopistes sexvittatus Bryant 16 Argopistoides africanus (Bryant) 17 Bangalaltica antennalis Bechyné 18. Bechuana nigripes Scherer 19 Bechynella pallens (Bechyné).

Figures 20–28.

Habitus. 20 Bezdekaltica socotrana Döberl 21 Bikasha tenuipunctata Maulik 22 Biodontocnema brunnea Biondi 23 Blepharida ornata Baly 24 Buphonella nigroviolacea (Allard) (genus transferred to Galerucini) 25 Carcharodis rugiceps (Baly). 26 Celisaltica ruwenzorica Biondi 27 Chabria bezanozana Biondi & D’Alessandro 28 Chaetocnema purpurea Jacoby.

Figures 29–37.

Habitus. 29 Chaillucola formicicornis Bechyné 30 Chirodica chalcoptera Germar 31 Collartaltica cryptostoma Bechyné 32 Decaria abdominalis Jacoby 33 Diamphidia nigroornata Stål 34 Dibolia bimaculata Jacoby 35 Dimonikaea descarpentriesi Bechyné 36 Diphaulacosoma laevipenne Jacoby 37 Djallonia maindra Bechyné.

Figures 38–46.

Habitus. 38 Drakensbergianella rudebecki Biondi & D’Alessandro 39 Dunbrodya nitida Jacoby 40 Epitrix aethiopica Weise 41 Eriotica fuscipennis Harold 42 Eurylegna fulva Weise 43 Eurylegna (ex Eurylegniella Scherer) guineensis Bechyné 44 Eutornus rugicollis (Jacoby) 45 Gabonia unicostata Jacoby 46 Guilielmia monticola Weise.

Figures 47–55.

Habitus. 47 Guinerestia rubra Scherer 48 Halticopsis spissicornis Fairmaire (genus transferred to Galerucini) 49 Halticotropis costipennis Bechyné 50 Hemipyxis africana (Allard) 51 Hespera africana Jacoby 52 Hildebrandtina similis Bechyné 53 Homichloda barkeri (Jacoby) 54 Hyphasis sita (Maulik) 55 Jacobyana bezdeki Biondi & D’Alessandro.

Figures 56–64

. Habitus. 56 Kanonga atra Bechyné 57 Kenialtica muhavura Bechyné 58 Kimongona callifera Bechyné 59 Kimongona (ex Mesocrepis Scherer) lindemannae (Scherer) 60 Lampedona testacea Bechyné 61 Lepialtica bicolor Scherer 62 Longitarsus africanus Jacoby 63 Luperomorpha biondii Döberl 64 Lypnea costatipennis ( Jacoby).

Figures 65–73.

Habitus. 65 Malvernia varicornis Jacoby 66 Manobia africana Laboissière 67 Metroserrapha sp 68 Montiaphthona gedyei (Bryant) 69 Myrcina vandenplaasi Laboissière 70 Neodera fraterna Duvivier 71 Nisotra aruwimiana Weise 72 Notomela fulvicollis Bryant 73 Ntaolaltica antennata Biondi & D’Alessandro.

Figures 74–82.

Habitus. 74 Nzerekorena filicornis Scherer & Boppré 75 Orthocrepis togoensis Weise 76 Paradibolia abdominalis (Jacoby) 77 Perichilona bicolor Weise 78 Philopona fulvicollis (Fabricius) 79 Phygasia rubripennis Weise 80 Phyllotreta puncticollis (Jacoby) 81 Physodactyla rubiginosa (Gerstaecker) 82 Physoma costuliferum Bechyné.

Figures 83–91.

Habitus. 83 Physomandroya melanarthra (Fairmaire) 84 Physonychis violaceipennis (Baly) 85 Podagrica oneili (Jacoby) 86 Podagrica (ex Podagricina Csiki) aethiopica (Chapuis) 87 Polyclada bohemani (Baly) 88 Pratima variabilis Maulik 89 Pseudadorium amplum (Weise) 90 Pseudophygasia analis (Harold) 91 Psylliodes calcarata (Bryant).

Figures 92–100.

Habitus. 92 Sanckia lebisi Bechyné 93 Sanckia (ex Eugonotes Jacoby) longicornis (Jacoby) 94 Serraphula elongata Jacoby 95 Sesquiphaera mashonana (Jacoby) 96 Sesquiphaera (ex Paropsiderma Bechyné) near vadoni (Bechyné) 97 Seychellaltica mahensis (Maulik) 98 Sjostedtinia montivaga Weise 99 Sphaeroderma femoratum Jacoby 100 Stegnaspea trimeni Baly.

Figures 101–109.

Habitus. 101 Stuckenbergiana glabrata (Jacoby) 102 Terpnochlorus perrieri Fairmaire 103 Toxaria indica (Fabricius) 104 Trachytetra guineensis (Bechyné) 105 Tritonaphthona longicornis (Laboissière) 106 Upembaltica scolytina Bechyné 107 Xanthophysca perrieri Fairmaire 108 Yemenaltica scorteccii Scherer 109 Zomba gossypii Bryant.

Figures 110–115.

Morphological characters. 110 Abrarius aethiops (Weise), head and pronotum in dorsal view 111 Ditto, head and right antenna in dorsal view 112 Abrarius cribrosus Fairmaire, ventral parts 113 Afroaltica parvula D’Alessandro & Biondi, head in frontal view 114 Afroaltica subaptera Biondi & D’Alessandro, head and pronotum in dorsal view 115 Ditto, triangular hollow on ventral side of middle tibiae in male.

Figures 116–121.

Morphological characters. 116 Afroaltica subaptera Biondi & D’Alessandro, prosternum 117 Ditto, meso- and metasternum (white arrow) 118 Afrocrepis carinipennis (Jacoby), pronotum and elytra in sublateral view 119 Afrorestia jonesi (Bryant), head in frontal view 120 Alocypha bimaculata (Jacoby), head and pronotum in dorsal view 121 Altica nigrita Laboissière, head and pronotum in dorsal view.

Figures 122–127.

Morphological characters. 122 Amphimela citri (Bryant), head in frontal view 123 Angulaphthona latipennis (Pic), head and pronotum in dorsal view 124 Ditto, head in frontal view 125 Ditto, elytra in dorsal view 126 Antanemora ghesquierei (Bechyné), head and pronotum in dorsal view 127 Ditto, head in frontal view.

Figures 128–133.

Morphological characters. 128 Aphthona braunsi (Jacoby), head and pronotum in dorsal view 129 Ditto, elytra in dorsal view 130 Argopistes silvestrii Weise, head in frontal view 131 Ditto, ventral parts 132 Argopistes sexvittatus Bryant, apical part of hind tibia 133 Argopistoides africanus (Bryant), sublateral sulci on pronotum.

Figures 134–139.

Morphological characters. 134 Bangalaltica antennalis Bechyné, head and right antenna in dorsal view 135 Bechuana nigripes Scherer, sublateral depression on pronotum 136 Bechynella pallens (Bechyné), head in frontal view 137 Ditto, hind tibia and metatarsus 138 Bezdekaltica socotrana Döberl, elytra in dorsal view 139 Bikasha fortipunctata Maulik, head in frontal view.

Figures 140–145.

Morphological characters. 140 Bikasha fortipunctata Maulik, hind leg and elytra in lateral view 141 Biodontocnema brunnea Biondi, head in frontal view 142 Ditto, distal half of hind tibia and metatarsus 143 Ditto, hind tibial socket 144 Ditto, dentiform process (white arrow) in inner apical side of hind tibiae 145 Ditto, ventral parts.

Figures 146–151.

Morphological characters. 146 Blepharida intermedia Jacoby, head and pronotum in dorsal view 147 Blepharida reticulata (Baly), head in frontal view 148 Blepharida ugandae Bryant, hind leg 149 Blepharida geminata Bryant, metatarsus 150 Carcharodis malvernensis Bechyné, head in frontal view 151 Celisaltica ruwenzorica Biondi, prosternum.

Figures 152–157.

Morphological characters. 152 Celisaltica ruwenzorica Biondi, metasternum and abdomen 153 Chabria betsimisaraka Biondi & D’Alessandro, sublateral sulci on pronotum 154 Chaetocnema sudafricana Biondi & D’Alessandro, ciliate dentate emargination of hind tibiae 155 Chaillucola formicicornis Bechyné, head and right antenna in dorsal view in male 156 Chirodica similfulva Biondi, buccal parts 157 Chirodica chalcoptera Germar, prosternum and anterior femora in ventral view.

Figures 158–163.

Morphological characters. 158 Collartaltica tenebrosa (Laboissière), head and pronotum in dorsal view 159 Ditto, head in ventral view 160 Ditto, prosternum 161 Diamphidia femoralis Gerstaecker, left antenna in dorsal view 162 Ditto, mesotarsus 163 Diamphidia nigroornata Stål, hind leg and elytral punctation.

Figures 164–169.

Morphological characters. 164 Dibolia thoracica Jacoby, head and pronotum in dorsal view 165 Ditto, head in frontal view 166 Ditto, hind leg and elytral punctation 167 Dimonikaea descarpentriesi Bechyné, head and right antenna in dorsal view 168 Ditto, dentiform process on ventral side of hind femora in male 169 Ditto, metatarsus in lateral (left) and dorsal (right) view.

Figures 170–175.

Morphological characters. 170 Diphaulacosoma laevipenne Jacoby, head and pronotum in dorsal view 171 Ditto, head and right antenna in dorsal view 172 Djallonia maindra Bechyné, head, pronotum and right antenna in dorsal view 173 Drakensbergianella rudebecki Biondi & D’Alessandro, head in frontal view 174 Ditto, elytral surface 175 Ditto, meso- and metasternum.

Figures 176–181.

Morphological characters. 176 Dunbrodya nitida Jacoby, head and pronotum in dorsal view 177 Ditto, head in frontal view 178 Ditto, hind leg 179 Ditto, bifid apical spur of hind tibiae 180 Epitrix aethiopica Weise, head in frontal view 181 Eriotica fuscipennis Harold, head in frontal view.

Figures 182–187.

Morphological characters. 182 Eurylegna rubra (Weise), head in frontal view 183 Eutornus dilatatus Bryant, head and pronotum in dorsal view 184 Eutornus taeniatus Bechyné, elytra in lateral view 185 Gabonia nigripennis (Jacoby), head in frontal view 186 Ditto, meso- and metasternum 187 Guinerestia rubra Scherer, head in frontal view.

Figures 188–193.

Morphological characters. 188 Guinerestia rubra Scherer, longitudinal hollow in distal half of anterior tibiae 189 Halticotropis costipennis Bechyné, head and pronotum in dorsal view 190 Ditto, head in frontal view 191 Ditto, hind leg and elytral surface 192 Hemipyxis burgeoni (Laboissière), head and pronotum in dorsal view 193 Ditto, head in frontal view.

Figures 194–199.

Morphological characters. 194 Hemipyxis obscuretestaceum (Thomson), hind tibia and metatarsus 195 Hespera maculicollis Jacoby, head and pronotum in dorsal view 196 Hildebrandtina obscura Bechyné, head and pronotum in dorsal view 197 Hildebrandtina similis Bechyné, head and pronotum in dorsal view 198 Homichloda barkeri (Jacoby), hind tibia and metatarsus and elytral surface 199 Hyphasis sita (Maulik), head and pronotum in dorsal view.

Figures 200–205.

Morphological characters. 200 Hyphasis sita (Maulik), hind tibia and metatarsus 201 Jacobyana bezdeki Biondi & D’Alessandro, head and pronotum in dorsal view 202 Ditto, ventral parts 203 Kanonga atra Bechyné, head and right antenna in dorsal view 204 Kenialtica muhavura Bechyné, head and pronotum in dorsal view 205 Kimongona callifera Bechyné, head in frontal view.

Figures 206–211.

Morphological characters. 206 Lampedona testacea Bechyné, head and pronotum in dorsal view 207 Lepialtica bicolor Scherer, head in frontal view 208 Longitarsus africanus Jacoby, hind leg in lateral view 209 Lypnea flaveola (Bryant), head and pronotum in dorsal view 210 Lypnea costatipennis (Jacoby), head and right antenna in dorsal view 211 Malvernia varicornis Jacoby, head and right antenna in dorsal view.

Figures 212–217.

Morphological characters. 212 Manobia africana Laboissière, head and pronotum in dorsal view 213 Metroserrapha sp., hind leg and elytral punctation 214 Montiaphthona gedyei (Bryant), head and pronotum in dorsal view 215 Ditto, elytra in sublateral view 216 Myrcina vandenplaasi Laboissiére, double apical spur of hind tibia 217 Nisotra aruwimiana Weise, head and pronotum in dorsal view.

Figures 218–223.

Morphological characters. 218 Nisotra sp., head and pronotum in dorsal view 219 Notomela viridipennis Bryant, head and pronotum in dorsal view 220 Ditto, elytra in lateral view 221 Ntaolaltica antennata Biondi & D’Alessandro, head and pronotum in dorsal view 222 Ditto, head and pronotum in lateral view 223 Ditto, head in frontal view.

Figures 224–229.

Morphological characters. 224 Nzerekorena filicornis Scherer & Boppré, head and right antenna in dorsal view 225 Orthocrepis kibonotensis (Weise), head and pronotum in lateral view 226 Ditto, head in frontal view 227 Paradibolia abdominalis (Jacoby), head in frontal view 228 Perichilona bicolor Weise, head in frontal view 229 Philopona sulcicollis (Jacoby), elytra in lateral view.

Figures 230–235.

Morphological characters. 230 Phygasia sulphuripennis Jacoby, head in frontal view 231 Phyllotreta natalensis Jacoby, head and pronotum in lateral view 232 Physodactyla rubiginosa (Gerstaecker), head and pronotum in lateral view 233 Physodactyla gerstaeckeri (Jacoby), elytra in lateral view 234 Physoma atripes (Fairmaire), head in sublateral view 235 Physoma costuliferum Bechyné, head in sublateral view.

Figures 236–241.

Morphological characters. 236 Physomandroya melanarthra (Fairmaire), head and pronotum in dorsal view 237 Ditto, hind tibia and metatarsus 238 Physomandroya punctulifera Bechyné, elytra in lateral view 239 Physonychis viridipennis (Dalman), head in frontal view 240 Polyclada smythi Bryant, left antenna in male in dorsal view 241 Ditto, left antenna in female in dorsal view.

Figures 242–247.

Morphological characters 242 Pratima vinsoni Bechyné, head in frontal view 243 Pseudadorium balyanum (Csiki), head and pronotum in dorsal view 244 Ditto, head in frontal view 245 Ditto, hind leg in sublateral view 246 Pseudophygasia analis (Harold), head and pronotum in dorsal view 247 Ditto, elytral punctation.

Figures 248–253.

Morphological characters. 248 Psylliodes teresae Biondi, apical part of hind tibia and preapical insertion of metatarsus 249 Sanckia sp., head in frontal view 250 Sanckia longicornis (Jacoby), hind leg 251 Serraphula grobbelaariae Biondi & D’Alessandro, hind leg and elytral punctation 252 Serraphula elongata Jacoby, hind leg 253 Serraphula audisiana Biondi & D’Alessandro, serrate apical spur of hind tibiae.

Figures 254–259.

Morphological characters. 254 Sesquiphaera mashonana (Jacoby), head and pronotum in dorsal view 255 Ditto, head and anterior margin of pronotum in subfrontal view 256 Sesquiphaera nigrosignata (Bryant), elytra in lateral view 257 Seychellaltica krishna (Maulik), head and pronotum in dorsal view 258 Ditto, hind tibia and metatarsus 259 Ditto, protarsus in dorsal view.

Figures 260–265.

Morphological characters. 260 Seychellaltica mahensis (Maulik), pro-, meso- and metasternum 261 Sjostedtinia fordi Bryant, head and pronotum in dorsal view 262 Ditto, hind leg and elytra in dorsal view 263 Sphaeroderma nigripennis Bryant, head and pronotum in dorsal view 264 Sphaeroderma iyengari Bechyné, elytra in lateral view 265 Stegnaspea trimeni Baly, basal part of elytra.

Figures 266–271.

Morphological characters. 266 Terpnochlorus perrieri Fairmaire, head in subfrontal view 267 Ditto, metatarsus in dorsal view 268 Trachytetra guineensis (Bechyné), head and pronotum in lateral view 269 Ditto, hind tibia, metatarsus and apical spur 270 Tritonaphthona longicornis (Laboissière), trifid apical spur of hind tibiae 271 Upembaltica scolytina Bechyné, head and right antenna in dorsal view.

Figures 272–277.

Morphological characters. 272 Upembaltica scolytina Bechyné, metatarsus in lateral (left) and dorsal (right) view 273 Xanthophysca perrieri Fairmaire, head and pronotum in dorsal view 274 Ditto, head in subfrontal view 275 Ditto, hind leg and elytral punctation 276 Yemenaltica scorteccii Scherer, hind leg and elytral punctation 277 Yemenaltica furthi Döberl, serrate apical spur of hind tibiae.

Figures 278–283.

Maps of distribution. 278 Abrarius Fairmaire 279 Afroaltica Biondi & D’Alessandro 280 Afrocrepis Bechyné 281 Afrorestia Bechyné 282 Alocypha Weise 283 Altica Geoffroy.

Figures 284–289.

Maps of distribution. 284 Amphimela Chapuis 285 Anaxerta Fairmaire 286 Angulaphthona Bechyné 287 Antanemora Bechyné 288 Aphthona Chevrolat 289 Argopistes Motschulsky.

Figures 290–295.

Maps of distribution. 290 Argopistoides Jacoby 291 Bangalaltica Bechyné 292 Bechuana Scherer 293 Bechynella Biondi & D’Alessandro 294 Bezdekaltica Döberl 295 Bikasha Maulik.

Figures 296–301.

Maps of distribution. 296 Biodontocnema Biondi 297 Blepharida Chevrolat 298 Carcharodis Weise 299 Celisaltica Biondi 300 Chabria Jacoby 301 Chaetocnema Stephens.

Figures 302–307.

Maps of distribution. 302 Chaillucola Bechyné 303 Chirodica Germar 304 Collartaltica Bechyné 305 Decaria Weise 306 Diamphidia Gerstaecker 307 Dibolia Latreille.

Figures 308–313.

Maps of distribution. 308 Dimonikaea Bechyné 309 Diphaulacosoma Jacoby 310 Djallonia Bechyné 311 Drakensbergianella Biondi & D’Alessandro 312 Dunbrodya Jacoby 313 Epitrix Foudras.

Figures 314–319.

Maps of distribution. 314 Eriotica Harold 315 Eurylegna Weise 316 Eutornus Clark 317 Gabonia Jacoby 318 Guilielmia Weise 319 Guinerestia Scherer.

Figures 320–325.

Maps of distribution. 320 Halticotropis Fairmaire 321 Hemipyxis Chevrolat 322 Hespera Weise 323 Hildebrandtina Weise 324 Homichloda Weise 325 Hyphasis Harold.

Figures 326–331.

Maps of distribution. 326 Jacobyana Maulik 327 Kanonga Bechyné 328 Kenialtica Bechyné 329 Kimongona Bechyné 330 Lampedona Weise 331 Lepialtica Scherer.

Figures 332–337.

Maps of distribution. 332 Longitarsus Berthold 333 Luperomorpha Weise 334 Lypnea Baly 335 Malvernia Jacoby. 336 Manobia Jacoby 337 Metroserrapha Bechyné.

Figures 338–343.

Maps of distribution. 338 Montiaphthona Scherer 339 Myrcina Chapuis 340 Neodera Duvivier 341 Nisotra Baly. 342 Notomela Jacoby 343 Ntaolaltica Biondi & D’Alessandro.

Figures 344–349.

Maps of distribution. 344 Nzerekorena Bechyné 345 Orthocrepis Weise 346 Paradibolia Baly 347 Perichilona Weise 348 Philopona Weise 349 Phygasia Chevrolat.

Figures 350–355.

Maps of distribution. 350 Phyllotreta Chevrolat 351 Physodactyla Chapuis 352  Physoma Clark 353 Physomandroya Bechyné 354 Physonychis Clark 355 Podagrica Chevrolat.

Figures 356–361.

Maps of distribution. 356 Polyclada Chevrolat 357 Pratima Maulik 358 Pseudadorium Fairmaire 359 Pseudophygasia Biondi & D’Alessandro, in press 360 Psylliodes Berthold 361 Sanckia Duvivier.

Figures 362–367.

Maps of distribution. 362 Serraphula Jacoby 363 Sesquiphaera Bechyné 364 Seychellaltica Biondi 365 Sjostedtinia Weise 366 Sphaeroderma Stephens 367 Stegnaspea Baly.

Figures 368–373.

Maps of distribution. 368 Stuckenbergiana Scherer 369 Terpnochlorus Fairmaire 370 Toxaria Weise 371 Trachytetra Sharp 372 Tritonaphthona Bechyné 373 Upembaltica Bechyné.

Figures 374–376.

Maps of distribution. 374 Xanthophysca Fairmaire 375 Yemenaltica Scherer 376 Zomba Bryant.

Figure 377.

Number of flea beetle genera occuring in the various areas of the Afrotropical region (CAF: Central Afrotropical; EAF: Eastern Afrotropical; MAD: Madagascar; MAS: Mascarene Islands; SAF: Southern Afrotropical; SEY: Seychelles Islands; WAF: Western Afrotropical.) (updated from Biondi and D’Alessandro 2010a).

Figure 378.

Number of flea beetle genera endemic to the various areas of the Afrotropical region (CAF: Central Afrotropical; EAF: Eastern Afrotropical; MAD: Madagascar; MAS: Mascarene Islands; SAF: Southern Afrotropical; SEY: Seychelles Islands; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa; WAF: Western Afrotropical.) (updated from Biondi and D’Alessandro 2010a).

Figure 379.

Distribution of Afrotropical flea beetle genera in the different zoogeographical regions (AFR: Afrotropical; AUR: Australian; ORR: Oriental; NAR: Nearctic; NTR: Neotropical; PAR: Palaearctic) (updated from Biondi and D’Alessandro 2010a).

Figure 380.

Percentage of flea beetle genera co-occuring in the Afrotropical and another zoogeographical region (AFR: Afrotropical; AUR: Australian; ORR: Oriental; NAR: Nearctic; NTR: Neotropical; PAR: Palaearctic) (updated from Biondi and D’Alessandro 2010a).

Figure 381.

Faunistic similarities of the different areas of the Afrotropical region with those of other zoogeographical regions [Coincidence index and WPGMA clustering method (Weighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic averaging) (cf. Biondi 2006)] (AFR: Afrotropical; AUR: Australian; CAF: Central Afrotropical; EAF: Eastern Afrotropical; ORR: Oriental; MAD: Madagascar; MAS: Mascarene Islands; NAR: Nearctic; NTR: Neotropical; PAR: Palaearctic; SAF: Southern Afrotropical; SEY: Seychelles Islands; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa; WAF: Western Afrotropical) (modified from Biondi and D’Alessandro 2010a).