Fetoscopic neodymium:YAG laser occlusion of placental vessels in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Abstract

Most pregnancies with severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome before 27 weeks' gestation result in perinatal death. Previous attempts at therapy have been generally unsatisfactory and rarely successful. We have developed a technique for intrauterine ablation of the vascular communications between the fetoplacental circulations with a fetoscopically directed neodymium:YAG laser. The operation was performed on three women at risk for pregnancy loss from acute hydramnios at 18.5, 22, and 22.5 weeks' gestation. The first two procedures were uneventful, but the third was complicated by a placental vessel perforation. The first two patients delivered at 27 and 34 weeks after premature rupture of membranes and spontaneous labor, whereas the third woman developed severe preeclampsia at 29 weeks which necessitated delivery. Four of the six infants survived. Clinical and ultrasonographic evidence, as well as pathologic examination of the placentas, suggested that stabilization or resolution of the syndrome was due to photocoagulation of the vascular communications. This initial experience suggests that fetoscopic laser occlusion of placental vessels is feasible and superior to previous therapies because it treats the underlying pathophysiology directly.