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Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Jan 31;2013(1):CD000422.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000422.pub3.

Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults

Sarah Moberley  1 , John Holden, David Paul Tatham, Ross M Andrews
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults

Sarah Moberley et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. Whilst pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPVs) have the potential to prevent disease and death, the degree of protection afforded against various clinical endpoints and within different populations is uncertain.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and effectiveness of PPVs in preventing pneumococcal disease or death in adults. We did not assess adverse events.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL 2012, Issue 6, MEDLINE (January 1966 to June Week 2, 2012) and EMBASE (1974 to June 2012).

Selection criteria: We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults, provided the study outcome met the definition of the outcome considered in the review. We also considered non-RCTs in adults, where the study assessed PPV effectiveness against culture-confirmed invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), provided the study controlled for important confounding factors.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors assessed trial quality of RCTs and three review authors extracted the data. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. Two review authors assessed study quality and extracted data for non-RCTs. We calculated ORs and 95% CIs using a random-effects model following the conversion of each study outcome to a log OR and standard error (SE).

Main results: Twenty-five studies met our inclusion criteria (18 RCTs involving 64,852 participants and seven non-RCTs involving 62,294 participants). Meta-analysis of the RCTs found strong evidence of PPV efficacy against IPD with no statistical heterogeneity (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.45; random-effects model, I(2) statistic = 0%). There was efficacy against all-cause pneumonia in low-income (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.67, I(2) statistic = 19%) but not high-income countries in either the general population (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.12, I(2) statistic = 93%) or in adults with chronic illness (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.19, I(2) statistic = 10%). PPV was not associated with substantial reductions in all-cause mortality (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.09; random-effects model, I(2) statistic = 69%). Vaccine efficacy against primary outcomes appeared poorer in adults with chronic illness. Non-RCTs provided evidence for protection against IPD in populations for whom the vaccine is currently utilised (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.61; random-effects model, I(2) statistic = 31%). This review did not consider adverse events as it was outside the scope of the review.

Authors' conclusions: This meta-analysis provides evidence supporting the recommendation for PPV to prevent IPD in adults. The evidence from RCTs is less clear with respect to adults with chronic illness. This might be because of lack of effect or lack of power in the studies. The meta-analysis does not provide evidence to support the routine use of PPV to prevent all-cause pneumonia or mortality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included randomised study.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included non‐randomised study.
3
3
Funnel plot for outcome 1. Invasive pneumococcal disease
4
4
Funnel plot for outcome 2. Pneumonia, all causes
5
5
Funnel plot for outcome 3. Mortality, all causes
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 1 Invasive pneumococcal disease.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 2 Pneumonia, all causes.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 3 Mortality, all causes.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 4 Invasive pneumococcal disease (vaccine types only).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 5 Definitive pneumococcal pneumonia.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 6 Definitive pneumococcal pneumonia (vaccine types only).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 7 Presumptive pneumococcal pneumonia.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 8 Presumptive pneumococcal pneumonia (vaccine types only).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 9 Mortality due to pneumonia.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 RCTs of vaccination versus placebo, Outcome 10 Mortality due to pneumococcal infection.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Non‐randomised studies, Outcome 1 Invasive pneumococcal disease (all types).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Non‐randomised studies, Outcome 2 Invasive pneumococcal disease (vaccine type).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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