Changes in task parameters during walking prism adaptation influence the subsequent generalization pattern

Abstract

An understanding of the transfer (or generalization) of motor adaptations between legs and across tasks during walking has remained elusive due to limited research and mixed results. Here, we asked whether stepping sequences or task constraints introduced during walking prism-adaptation tasks influence generalization patterns. Forty subjects adapted to prism glasses in precision-walking or obstacle-avoidance tasks that required a specific stepping sequence to the center of two/three targets or laterally over an obstacle. We then tested for generalization, reflected by aftereffects in the nonadapted task. Our previous study using these tasks found that only one leg generalized. Here, we reversed the stepping sequence and found that only the opposite leg generalized in the subject group that adapted in a precision-walking task. The combination of stepping sequence and direction of prism shift caused subjects in two groups to collide with the obstacle early during adaptation, thus making the step prior to going over the obstacle more important. Both legs subsequently generalized. A fourth subject group experienced a three-target, precision-walking task, resulting in a balanced, right-left, left-right stepping sequence, meant to induce bilateral generalization. While only one leg generalized, foot placement aftereffects before stepping over the obstacle would have caused subjects to collide with it. Together with our previous study, the results suggest a contribution of stepping sequence during the adapted task on generalization patterns, likely driven by proprioceptive feedback. The results also support the idea that negative consequences during adaptation and/or perceived threat can influence generalization.

Keywords: fear; locomotion; transfer of learning; vision; visuomotor adaptation.