Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Feb 28;2013(2):CD000528.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000528.pub2.

Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection

Anthony Danso-Appiah  1 , Piero L Olliaro, Sarah Donegan, David Sinclair, Jürg Utzinger
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection

Anthony Danso-Appiah et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic infection common in the tropics and sub-tropics. Chronic and advanced disease includes abdominal pain, diarrhoea, blood in the stool, liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and premature death.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of antischistosomal drugs, used alone or in combination, for treating S. mansoni infection.

Search methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS from inception to October 2012, with no language restrictions. We also searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2012) and mRCT. The reference lists of articles were reviewed and experts were contacted for unpublished studies.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials of antischistosomal drugs, used alone or in combination, versus placebo, different antischistosomal drugs, or different doses of the same antischistosomal drug for treating S. mansoni infection.

Data collection and analysis: One author extracted data and assessed eligibility and risk of bias in the included studies, which were independently checked by a second author. We combined dichotomous outcomes using risk ratio (RR) and continuous data weighted mean difference (WMD); we presented both with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: Fifty-two trials enrolling 10,269 participants were included. The evidence was of moderate or low quality due to the trial methods and small numbers of included participants.Praziquantel: Compared to placebo, praziquantel 40 mg/kg probably reduces parasitological treatment failure at one month post-treatment (RR 3.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 9.53, two trials, 414 participants, moderate quality evidence). Compared to this standard dose, lower doses may be inferior (30 mg/kg: RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.01, three trials, 521 participants, low quality evidence; 20 mg/kg: RR 2.23, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.02, two trials, 341 participants, low quality evidence); and higher doses, up to 60 mg/kg, do not appear to show any advantage (four trials, 783 participants, moderate quality evidence).The absolute parasitological cure rate at one month with praziquantel 40 mg/kg varied substantially across studies, ranging from 52% in Senegal in 1993 to 92% in Brazil in 2006/2007. Oxamniquine: Compared to placebo, oxamniquine 40 mg/kg probably reduces parasitological treatment failure at three months (RR 8.74, 95% CI 3.74 to 20.43, two trials, 82 participants, moderate quality evidence). Lower doses than 40 mg/kg may be inferior at one month (30 mg/kg: RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.75, four trials, 268 participants, low quality evidence; 20 mg/kg: RR 3.78, 95% CI 2.05 to 6.99, two trials, 190 participants, low quality evidence), and higher doses, such as 60 mg/kg, do not show a consistent benefit (four trials, 317 participants, low quality evidence).These trials are now over 20 years old and only limited information was provided on the study designs and methods. Praziquantel versus oxamniquine: Only one small study directly compared praziquantel 40 mg/kg with oxamniquine 40 mg/kg and we are uncertain which treatment is more effective in reducing parasitological failure (one trial, 33 participants, very low quality evidence). A further 10 trials compared oxamniquine at 20, 30 and 60 mg/kg with praziquantel 40 mg/kg and did not show any marked differences in failure rate or percent egg reduction.Combination treatments: We are uncertain whether combining praziquantel with artesunate reduces failures compared to praziquantel alone at one month (one trial, 75 participants, very low quality evidence).Two trials also compared combinations of praziquantel and oxamniquine in different doses, but did not find statistically significant differences in failure (two trials, 87 participants). Other outcomes and analyses: In trials reporting clinical improvement evaluating lower doses (20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) against the standard 40 mg/kg for both praziquantel or oxamniquine, no dose effect was demonstrable in resolving abdominal pain, diarrhoea, blood in stool, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly (follow up at one, three, six, 12, and 24 months; three trials, 655 participants).Adverse events were not well-reported but were mostly described as minor and transient.In an additional analysis of treatment failure in the treatment arm of individual studies stratified by age, failure rates with 40 mg/kg of both praziquantel and oxamniquine were higher in children.

Authors' conclusions: Praziquantel 40 mg/kg as the standard treatment for S. mansoni infection is consistent with the evidence. Oxamniquine, a largely discarded alternative, also appears effective.Further research will help find the optimal dosing regimen of both these drugs in children.Combination therapy, ideally with drugs with unrelated mechanisms of action and targeting the different developmental stages of the schistosomes in the human host should be pursued as an area for future research.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

PLO was the lead author in three of the included trials (Olliaro 2011 BRA; Olliaro 2011 MRT; Olliaro 2011 TZA) and helped secure additional financial support from WHO. The rest of the authors have no known conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel versus placebo, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at six months.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Praziquantel versus placebo, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at 12 months.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel (lower dose) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel (lower dose) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three months.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Praziquantel (lower dose) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six to 12 months.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Resolution of abdominal pain: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Resolution of abdominal pain: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Resolution of diarrhoea: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 4 Resolution of diarrhoea: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 5 Resolution of blood in stool: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 6 Resolution of blood in stool: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 7 Resolution of hepatomegaly: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 8 Resolution of hepatomegaly: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 9 Resolution of splenomegaly: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Praziquantel lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 10 Resolution of splenomegaly: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Praziquantel (higher dose) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Praziquantel (higher dose) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at six months.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Praziquantel (higher dose) versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six to 12 months.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg divided dose versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg divided dose versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three months.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Praziquantel 40 mg/kg divided dose versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg single dose, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Praziquantel alternative dosing (Brazil), Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at six months.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Oxamniquine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at three to four months.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Oxamniquine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at six to 10 months.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Oxamniquine (lower dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Oxamniquine (lower dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three to four months.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Oxamniquine (lower dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Oxamniquine (lower dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 4 Parasitological failure at 12 months.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Resolution of abdominal pain: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Resolution of abdominal pain: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Resolution of diarrhoea: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 4 Resolution of diarrhoea: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 5 Resolution of blood in stool: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 6 Resolution of blood in stool: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 7 Resolution of hepatomegaly: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 8 Resolution of hepatomegaly: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.9
9.9. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 9 Resolution of splenomegaly: 20 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
9.10
9.10. Analysis
Comparison 9 Oxamniquine lower dose (20 and 30 mg/kg) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 10 Resolution of splenomegaly: 30 mg/kg versus 40 mg/kg.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oxamniquine (higher dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oxamniquine (higher dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three to four months.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oxamniquine (higher dose) versus oxamniquine 40 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Oxamniquine (lower dose) 15 to 20 mg/kg versus oxamniquine 30 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oxamniquine (higher dose) versus oxamniquine 30 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oxamniquine (higher dose) versus oxamniquine 30 mg/kg, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three to four months.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oxamniquine (higher dose) versus oxamniquine 30 mg/kg, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Oxamniquine versus praziquantel, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Oxamniquine versus praziquantel, Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three months.
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Oxamniquine versus praziquantel, Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 Oxamniquine versus praziquantel, Outcome 4 Parasitological failure at 12 months.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Myrrh (Mirazid) 300 mg once daily for three days versus praziquantel 40 mg/kg, Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at three to six weeks.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Praziquantel (40 mg/kg) plus artesunate (12 mg/kg total dose) versus praziquantel (40 mg/kg), Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Praziquantel (40 mg/kg) plus artesunate (12 mg/kg total dose) versus praziquantel (40 mg/kg), Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three months.
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 Praziquantel (40 mg/kg) plus artesunate (12 mg/kg total dose) versus praziquantel (40 mg/kg), Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (7.5 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (40 mg/kg), Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at three months.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (7.5 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (40 mg/kg), Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at six months.
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16 Praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (7.5 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (40 mg/kg), Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at 12 months.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Praziquantel (8 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (4 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (10 mg/kg), Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 Praziquantel (8 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (4 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (10 mg/kg), Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three months.
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 Praziquantel (8 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (4 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (10 mg/kg), Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Praziquantel (15 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (7.5 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (10 mg/kg), Outcome 1 Parasitological failure at one month.
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Praziquantel (15 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (7.5 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (10 mg/kg), Outcome 2 Parasitological failure at three months.
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Praziquantel (15 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (7.5 mg/kg) versus praziquantel (20 mg/kg) plus oxamniquine (10 mg/kg), Outcome 3 Parasitological failure at six months.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Abdel Rahim 1988 SDN {published data only}
    1. Abdel Rahim IM, Haridi AA, Abdel‐Hameed AA. Field study of different oxamniquine dose for Schistosoma mansoni in Gezira, Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;91(3):131‐7. - PubMed
    1. Abdel‐Rahim IM, Haridi AA, Abdel‐Hameed AA. A field evaluation of three dose levels of oxamniquine in Gezira‐ Sudan. East African Medical Journal 1988;65(11):771‐7. - PubMed
Al Aska 1990 SAU {published data only}
    1. Al‐Aska AK, Al‐Mofleh IA, Al‐Rashed R, Hafez MA, Al‐Nozha M, Abu‐Aisha H, et al. Praziquantel, oxamniquine, and metrifonate in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Riyadh. Annals of Saudi Medicine 1990;10(3):296‐8.
Ayele 1984 ETH {published data only}
    1. Ayele T. Preliminary clinical trial of oral oxamniquine in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal 1984;61(8):632‐6. - PubMed
Ayele 1986 ETH {published data only}
    1. Ayele T. Preliminary clinical trial of oral oxamniquine in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in children in Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal 1986;63(4):291‐4. - PubMed
Barakat 2005 EGY {published data only}
    1. Barakat R, Elmorshedy H, Fenwick A. Efficacy of myrrh in the treatment of human schistosomiasis mansoni. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2005;73(2):365‐7. - PubMed
Botros 2005 EGY {published data only}
    1. Botros S, Sayed H, El‐Dusoki H, Sabry H, Rabie I, El‐Ghannam M, et al. Efficacy of mirazid in comparison with praziquantel in Egyptian Schistosoma mansoni‐infected school children and households. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2005;72(2):119‐23. - PubMed
Branchini 1982 BRA {published data only}
    1. Branchini ML, Pedro R J de, Dias LC, Deberaldini ER. Double‐blind clinical trial comparing praziquantel with oxamniquine in the treatment of patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1982;24(5):315‐21. - PubMed
Creasey 1986 ZWE {published data only}
    1. Creasey AM, Taylor P, Thomas JE. Dosage trial of a combination of oxamniquine and praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwean schoolchildren. Central African Journal of Medicine 1986;32(7):165‐7. - PubMed
da Cunha 1986 BRA {published data only}
    1. Cunha AS, Pedrosa RC. Double‐blind therapeutical evaluation based on the quantitative oogram technique, comparing praziquantel and oxamniquine in human Schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1986;28(5):337‐51. - PubMed
da Cunha 1987 BRA {published data only}
    1. Cunha AS, Cançado JR, Rezende GL. Therapeutical evaluation of different dose regimens of praziquantel in schistosomiasis mansoni, based on the quantitative oogram technique. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1987;29(5):295‐304. - PubMed
da Silva 1986 BRA {published data only}
    1. Silva LC, Zeitune JM, Rosa‐Eid LM, Lima DM, Antonelli RH, Christo CH, et al. Treatment of patients with schistosomiasis mansoni: a double blind clinical trial comparing praziquantel with oxamniquine. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1986;28(3):174‐80. - PubMed
de Clarke 1976a ZWE {published data only}
    1. Clarke V, Blair DM, Weber MC, Garnett PA. Dose‐finding trials of oral oxamniquine in Rhodesia. South African Medical Journal 1976;50(46):1867‐71. - PubMed
de Clarke 1976b ZWE {published data only}
    1. Clarke V, Blair DM, Weber MC, Garnett PA. Dose‐finding trials of oral oxamniquine in Rhodesia. South African Medical Journal 1976;50(46):1867‐71. - PubMed
de Clarke 1976c ZWE {published data only}
    1. Clarke V, Blair DM, Weber MC, Garnett PA. Dose‐finding trials of oral oxamniquine in Rhodesia. South African Medical Journal 1976;50(46):1867‐71. - PubMed
de Clarke 1976d ZWE {published data only}
    1. Clarke V, Blair DM, Weber MC, Garnett PA. Dose‐finding trials of oral oxamniquine in Rhodesia. South African Medical Journal 1976;50(46):1867‐71. - PubMed
De Clercq 2000 SEN {published data only}
    1. Clercq D, Vercruysse J, Verle P, Kongs A, Diop M. What is the effect of combining artesunate and praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections?. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2000;5(10):744‐6. - PubMed
de Jonge 1990 SDN {published data only}
    1. Doehring E, Ehrich JH, Vester U, Feldmeier H, Poggensee U, Brodehl J. Proteinuria, hematuria, and leukocyturia in children with mixed urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Kidney International 1985;28(3):520‐5. - PubMed
    1. Doehring E, Poggensee U, Feldmeier H. The effect of metrifonate in mixed Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections in humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1986;35(2):323‐9. - PubMed
    1. Feldmeier H, Gastl GA, Poggensee U, Kortmann C, Daffalla AA, Peter HH. Relationship between intensity of infection and immunomodulation in human schistosomiasis. II. NK cell activity and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1985;60(2):234‐40. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Feldmeier H, Nogueira‐Queiroz JA, Peixoto‐Queiroz MA, Doehring E, Dessaint JP, Alencar JE, et al. Detection and quantification of circulating antigen in schistosomiasis by monoclonal antibody. II. The quantification of circulating antigens in human schistosomiasis mansoni and haematobium: relationship to intensity of infection and disease status. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1986;65(2):232‐43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jonge N, Schommer G, Feldmeier H, Krijger FW, Dafalla AA, Bienzle U, et al. Mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infection: effect of different treatments on the serum level of circulating anodic antigen (CAA). Acta Tropica 1990;48(1):25‐35. - PubMed
Fernandes 1986 BRA {published data only}
    1. Fernandes P, Oliveira CC. Efficacy of two regimes of praziquantel versus oxamniquine [Estudo comparativo da eficacia do praziquantel, em dois esquemas posologicos, e da oxaminiquina no tratamento da esquistossomose mansonica]. Folha Medica 1986;93(5‐6):389‐93.
Ferrari 2003 BRA {published data only}
    1. Ferrari ML, Coelho PM, Antunes CM, Tavares CA, Cunha AS. Efficacy of oxamniquine and praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection: a controlled trial. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81(3):190‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Gryseels 1989a BDI {published data only}
    1. Gryseels B, Nkulikyinka L. Two‐year follow‐up of Schistosoma mansoni infection and morbidity after treatment with different regimens of oxamniquine and praziquantel. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989;83(2):219‐28. - PubMed
Gryseels 1989b BDI {published data only}
    1. Gryseels B, Nkulikyinka L. Two‐year follow‐up of Schistosoma mansoni infection and morbidity after treatment with different regimens of oxamniquine and praziquantel. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989;83(2):219‐28. - PubMed
Gryseels 1989c BDI {published data only}
    1. Gryseels B, Nkulikyinka L. Two‐year follow‐up of Schistosoma mansoni infection and morbidity after treatment with different regimens of oxamniquine and praziquantel. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989;83(2):219‐28. - PubMed
Guisse 1997 SEN {published data only}
    1. Guisse F, Polman K, Stelma FF, Mbaye A, Talla I, Niang M, et al. Therapeutic evaluation of two different dose regimens of praziquantel in a recent Schistosoma mansoni focus in Northern Senegal. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;56(5):511‐4. - PubMed
Gupta 1984 ZMB {published data only}
    1. Gupta KK. Schistosoma mansoni treatment with oral oxamniquine in Zambia. East African Medical Journal 1984;61(8):641‐4. - PubMed
Homeida 1989 SDN {published data only}
    1. Homeida MM, Eltom IA, Sulaiman SM, Ali HM, Bennett JL. Tolerance of two brands of praziquantel. Lancet 1989;334(8659):391. - PubMed
Ibrahim 1980 SDN {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim AM. Evaluation of oxamniquine in the treatment of S. mansoni infection among Sudanese patients. East African Medical Journal 1980;57(8):566‐73. - PubMed
Jaoko 1996 KEN {published data only}
    1. Jaoko WG, Muchemi G, Oguya FO. Praziquantel side effects during treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infected pupils in Kibwezi, Kenya. East African Medical Journal 1996;73(8):499‐501. - PubMed
Kardaman 1983 SDN {published data only}
    1. Kardaman MW, Amin MA, Fenwick A, Cheesmond AK, Dixon HG. A field trial using praziquantel (Biltricide) to treat Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infection in Gezira, Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1983;77(3):297‐304. - PubMed
Kardaman 1985 SDN {published data only}
    1. Kardaman MW, Fenwick A, Igail AB, Tayeb M, Daffalla AA, Dixon HG. Treatment with praziquantel of schoolchildren with concurrent Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Gezira, Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1985;88(2):105‐9. - PubMed
Katz 1979a BRA {published data only}
    1. Katz N. Preliminary trials with praziquantel in human infections due to Schistosoma mansoni. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1979;57(5):781‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Katz 1979b BRA {published data only}
    1. Katz N. Preliminary trials with praziquantel in human infections due to Schistosoma mansoni. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1979;57(5):781‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Katz 1981 BRA {published data only}
    1. Katz N. Clinical trials with praziquantel in schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1981;23(2):72‐8. - PubMed
Katz 1982 BRA {published data only}
    1. Katz N, Rocha RS. Double‐blind clinical trial comparing praziquantel with oxamniquine in schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1982;24(5):310‐4. - PubMed
Lambertucci 1982 BRA {published data only}
    1. Lambertucci JR, Greco DB, Pedroso ER, Costa Rocha MO, Salazar HM, Lima DP. A double blind trial with oxamniquine in chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1982;76(6):751‐5. - PubMed
Metwally 1995 EGY {published data only}
    1. Metwally A, Bennett J, Botros S, Ebeid F, attar Gel D. Impact of drug dosage and brand on bioavailability and efficacy of praziquantel. Pharmacological Research 1995;31(1):53‐9. - PubMed
Olds 1999 KEN {published data only}
    1. Olds GR, King CH, Hewlett J, Olveda R, Wu G, Ouma J, et al. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled study of concurrent administration of albendazole and praziquantel in schoolchildren with schistosomiasis and geohelminths. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999;179(4):996‐1003. - PubMed
Olliaro 2011 BRA {published data only}
    1. Olliaro P, Vaillant M, Belizario V, Lwambo N, Ouldabdallahi M, Pieri OS, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of single‐dose praziquantel at 40 mg/kg versus 60 mg/kg for treating intestinal schistosomiasis in the Philippines, Mauritania, Tanzania and Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011;5(6):e1165. - PMC - PubMed
Olliaro 2011 MRT {published data only}
    1. Olliaro P, Vaillant M, Belizario V, Lwambo N, Ouldabdallahi M, Pieri OS, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of single‐dose praziquantel at 40 mg/kg versus 60 mg/kg for treating intestinal schistosomiasis in the Philippines, Mauritania, Tanzania and Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011;5(6):e1165. - PMC - PubMed
Olliaro 2011 TZA {published data only}
    1. Olliaro P, Vaillant M, Belizario V, Lwambo N, Ouldabdallahi M, Pieri OS, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of single‐dose praziquantel at 40 mg/kg versus 60 mg/kg for treating intestinal schistosomiasis in the Philippines, Mauritania, Tanzania and Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011;5(6):e1165. - PMC - PubMed
Omer 1978 SDN {published data only}
    1. Omer AH. Oxamniquine for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection in Sudan. British Medical Journal 1978;2(6131):163‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Omer 1981 SDN {published data only}
    1. Omer AH. Praziquantel in the treatment of mixed S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections. Arzneimittelforschung 1981;31(3a):605‐8. - PubMed
Queiroz 2010 BRA {published data only}
    1. Queiroz LC, Drummond SC, Matos ML, Paiva MB, Batista TS, Kansaon AZ, et al. Comparative randomised trial of high and conventional doses of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2010;105(4):445‐8. - PubMed
Rezende 1985 BRA {published data only}
    1. Rezende GL de. Survey on the clinical results achieved in Brazil comparing praziquantel and oxamniquine in the treatment of S. mansoni schistosomiasis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1985;27(6):328‐68. - PubMed
Rugemalila 1984 TZA {published data only}
    1. Rugemalila JB, Asila J, Chimbe A. Randomized comparative trials of single doses of the newer antischistosomal drugs at Mwanza, Tanzania. I. Praziquantel and oxamniquine for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1984;87(6):231‐5. - PubMed
Shafei 1979 NGA {published data only}
    1. Shafei AZ. A preliminary report on the treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis with oxamniquine. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1979;82(1):18‐20. - PubMed
Stelma 1997 SEN {published data only}
    1. Stelma FF, Sall S, Daff B, Sow S, Niang M, Gryseels B. Oxamniquine cures Schistosoma mansoni infection in a focus in which cure rates with praziquantel are unusually low. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997;176(1):304‐7. - PubMed
Sukwa 1993 ZMB {published data only}
    1. Sukwa TY. A community‐based randomized trial of praziquantel to control schistosomiasis morbidity in schoolchildren in Zambia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1993;87(2):185‐94. - PubMed
Taddese 1988 ETH {published data only}
    1. Taddese K, Zein ZA. Comparison between the efficacy of oxamniquine and praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections on a sugar estate in Ethiopia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1988;82(2):175‐80. - PubMed
Taylor 1988 ZWE {published data only}
    1. Taylor P, Murare HM, Manomano K. Efficacy of low doses of praziquantel for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;91(1):13‐7. - PubMed
Teesdale 1984 MWI {published data only}
    1. Teesdale CH, Chitsulo L, Pugh RN. Oxamniquine dosage in Malawi. East African Medical Journal 1984;61(1):40‐4. - PubMed
Tweyongyere 2009 UGA {published data only}
    1. Tweyongyere R, Mawa PA, Emojong NO, Mpairwe H, Jones FM, Duong T, et al. Effect of praziquantel treatment of Schistosoma mansoni during pregnancy on intensity of infection and antibody responses to schistosome antigens: results of a randomised, placebo‐controlled trial. BMC Infectious Diseases 2009;9:32. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tweyongyere R, Mawa PA, Ngom‐Wegi S, Ndibazza J, Duong T, Vennervald BJ, et al. Effect of praziquantel treatment during pregnancy on cytokine responses to schistosome antigens: results of a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;198(12):1870‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Zwingenberger 1987 BRA {published data only}
    1. Zwingenberger K, Queiroz JA, Poggensee U, Alencar JE, Valdegunas J, Esmeralda F, et al. Efficacy of oxamniquine, praziquantel and a combination of both drugs in schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1987;29(5):305‐11. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abu‐Elyazeed 1997 {published data only}
    1. Abu‐Elyazeed RR, Youssef FG, Merrell BR, El‐Gamal RL, El‐Khoby TA, Hassanein YA, et al. Praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection: comparison of 40 and 60 mg/kg bodyweight regimens. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;56(4):404‐7. - PubMed
Adam 2008 {published data only}
    1. Adam I, Elhardello OA, Elhadi MO, Abdalla E, Elmardi KA, Jansen FH. The antischistosomal efficacies of artesunate‐sulfamethoxypyrazine‐pyrimethamine and artemether‐lumefantrine administered as treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 2008;102(1):39‐44. - PubMed
Almeida 2012 {published data only}
    1. Almeida MCF, Lima GS, Cardoso LS, Souza RPD, Campos RA, Cruz AA, et al. The effect of antihelminthic treatment on subjects with asthma from an endemic area of schistosomiasis: A randomized, double‐blinded, and placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Parasitology Research 2012;2012(296856):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Assis 1998 {published data only}
    1. Assis AM, Barreto ML, Prado MS, Reis MG, Parraga IM, Blanton RE. Schistosoma mansoni infection and nutritional status in schoolchildren: a randomized, double‐blind trial in northeastern Brazil. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;86(6):1247‐53. - PubMed
Boisier 1998 {published data only}
    1. Boisier P, Ramarokoto CE, Ravaoalimalala VE, Rabarijaona L, Serieye J, Roux J, et al. Reversibility of Schistosoma mansoni‐associated morbidity after yearly mass praziquantel therapy: ultrasonographic assessment. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998;92(4):451‐3. - PubMed
Coura 1980 {published data only}
    1. Coura JR, Argento CA, Conceição MJ, Lewis EM, dos Santos ML, Magalhães P. Field experiences with oral oxamniquine in the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1980;22(1 Suppl 4):77‐84. - PubMed
De Clercq 2000b {published data only}
    1. Clercq D, Vercruysse J, Verlé P, Niasse F, Kongs A, Diop M. Efficacy of artesunate against Schistosoma mansoni infections in Richard Toll, Senegal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;94(1):90‐1. - PubMed
Doehring 1992 {published data only}
    1. Doehring‐Schwerdtfeger E, Abdel‐Rahim IM, Kardorff R, Kaiser C, Franke D, Schlake J, et al. Ultrasonographical investigation of periportal fibrosis in children with Schistosoma mansoni infection: reversibility of morbidity twenty‐three months after treatment with praziquantel. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1992;46(4):409‐15. - PubMed
Eigege 2008 {published data only}
    1. Eigege A, Pede E, Miri E, Umaru J, Ogbu Pearce P, Jinadu MY, et al. Triple drug administration (TDA), with praziquantel, ivermectin and albendazole, for the prevention of three neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 2008;102(2):177‐9. - PubMed
el Guiniady 1994 {published data only}
    1. Guiniady MA, Touny MA, Abdel‐Bary MA, Abdel‐Fatah SA, Metwally A. Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel in Egyptian schistosomiasis patients with and without liver cell failure. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;51(6):809‐18. - PubMed
el‐Hawey 1991 {published data only}
    1. el‐Hawey AM, Massoud AM, el‐Rakieby A, Royzeik MS, Nassar MO. Study of some aspects of cell mediated immune response in bilharzial children on a field level. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 1991;21(2):411‐6. - PubMed
Friis 1997 {published data only}
    1. Friis H, Ndhlovu P, Mduluza T, Kaondera K, Sandström B, Michaelsen KF, et al. The impact of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition: a randomized, controlled trial among rural Zimbabwean schoolchildren. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;51(1):38‐45. - PubMed
Friis 2003 {published data only}
    1. Friis H, Mwaniki D, Omondi B, Muniu E, Thiong'o F, Ouma J, et al. Effects on haemoglobin of multi‐micronutrient supplementation and multi‐helminth chemotherapy: a randomized, controlled trial in Kenyan school children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;57(4):573‐9. - PubMed
Gryseels 1987 {published data only}
    1. Gryseels B, Nkulikyinka L, Coosemans MH. Field trials of praziquantel and oxamniquine for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni in Burundi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1987;81(4):641‐4. - PubMed
Homeida 1988 {published data only}
    1. Homeida M, Abdel‐Gadir AF, Cheever AW, Bennett JL, Arbab BM, Ibrahium SZ, et al. Diagnosis of pathologically confirmed Symmers' periportal fibrosis by ultrasonography: a prospective blinded study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;38(1):86‐91. - PubMed
Kabatereine 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kabatereine NB, Kemijumbi J, Ouma JH, Sturrock RF, Butterworth AE, Madsen H, et al. Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel treatment in a highly endemic Schistosoma mansoni focus at Lake Albert, Uganda. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003;97(5):599‐603. - PubMed
Katz 1973 {published data only}
    1. Katz N, Pellegrino J, Grinbaum E, Chaves A, Zicker F. Preliminary clinical trials with oxamniquine, a new antischistosomal agent. Revisto do Instituto de Medecina Tropical de São Paulo 1973;15(1):25‐9. - PubMed
Mohamed 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mohamed AA, Mahgoub HM, Magzoub M, Gasim GI, Eldein WN, Ahmed AA, et al. Artesunate plus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine versus praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in eastern Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009;103(10):1062‐4. - PubMed
Navaratnam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Navaratnam AMD, Sousa‐Figueiredo JC, Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB, Fenwick A, Mutumba‐Nakalembe MJ. Efficacy of praziquantel syrup versus crushed praziquantel tablets in the treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan preschool children, with observation on compliance and safety. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2012;106(7):400‐7. - PubMed
Obonyo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Obonyo CO, Muok MO, Mwinzi NM. Efficacy of artesunate with sulfalene plus pyrimethamine versus praziquantel for treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in Kenyan children: an open‐label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2010;10(9):603‐11. - PubMed
Odongo‐Aginya 1996 {published data only}
    1. Odongo‐Aginya EI, Doehring M, Lakwo TL, Etyono S, Luyinda LB, Roth J, et al. Integrated control trial of schistosomiasis at Nakiwogo fishing village near Entebbe, Uganda. East African Medical Journal 1996;73(8):495‐8. - PubMed
Olsen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Olsen A, Nawiri J, Friis H. The impact of iron supplementation on reinfection with intestinal helminths and Schistosoma mansoni in western Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;94(5):493‐99. - PubMed
Olsen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Olsen A, Thiong'o FW, Ouma JH, Mwaniki D, Magnussen P, Michaelsen KF, et al. Effects of multimicronutrient supplementation on helminth reinfection: a randomized, controlled trial in Kenyan schoolchildren. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003;97(1):109‐14. - PubMed
Pitchford 1978 {published data only}
    1. Pitchford RJ, Lewis M. Oxamniquine in the treatment of various schistosome infections in South Africa. South African Medical Journal 1978;53(17):677‐80. - PubMed
Polderman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Polderman AM, Gryseels B, Caluwe P. Cure rates and egg reduction in treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis with oxamniquine and praziquantel in Maniema, Zaire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988;82(1):115‐6. - PubMed
Utzinger 2000a {published data only}
    1. Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, N'Dri A, Lengeler C, Xiao SH, Tanner M. Oral artemether for prevention of Schistosoma mansoni infection: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355(9212):1320‐5. - PubMed
Utzinger 2000b {published data only}
    1. Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, N'Dri A, Lengeler C, Tanner M. Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration for intensity of infection. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2000;5(11):771‐8. - PubMed
van Lieshout 1994 {published data only}
    1. Lieshout L, Jonge N, el‐Masry N, Mansour MM, Bassily S, Krijger FW, et al. Monitoring the efficacy of different doses of praziquantel by quantification of circulating antigens in serum and urine of schistosomiasis patients. Parasitology 1994;108(Pt 5):519‐26. - PubMed

Additional references

Allan 2001
    1. Allan RW. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Pathology. Johns Hopkins Microbiology Newsletter 2001;20:30.
Andersson 2007
    1. Andersson KL, Chung RT. Hepatic schistosomiasis: Current Treatment Options. Gastroenterology 2007;10(6):504‐12. - PubMed
Bergquist 2009
    1. Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J. Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when?. Trends in Parasitology 2009;25(4):151‐6. - PubMed
Booth 2003
    1. Booth M, Vounatsou P, N'Goran EK, Tanner M, Utzinger J. The influence of sampling effort and the performance of the Kato‐Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm co‐infections in rural Côte d'Ivoire. Parasitology 2003;127(Pt 6):525‐31. - PubMed
Borrmann 2001
    1. Borrmann S, Szlezák N, Faucher JF, Matsiegui PB, Neubauer R, Binder RK, et al. Artesunate and praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infections: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;184(10):1363‐6. - PubMed
Boulanger 2007
    1. Boulanger D, Dieng Y, Cisse B, Remoue F, Capuano F, Dieme JL, et al. Antischistosomal efficacy of artesunate combination therapies administered as curative treatments for malaria attacks. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;101(2):113‐6. - PubMed
Braun‐Munzinger 1992
    1. Braun‐Munzinger RA, Southgate BA. Repeatability and reproducibility of egg counts of Schistosoma haematobium in urine. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1992;43(3):149‐54. - PubMed
Caulibaly 2011
    1. Coulibaly JT, Knopp S, N'Guessan NA, Silué KD, Fürst T, Lohourignon LK, et al. Accuracy of urine circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test for Schistosoma mansoni diagnosis in different settings of Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011;5(11):e1384. - PMC - PubMed
Chitsulo 2000
    1. Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Tropica 2000;77(1):41‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Cioli 1995
    1. Cioli D, Pica‐Mattoccia L, Archer S. Antischistosomal drugs: past, present ... and future?. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1995;68(1):35‐85. - PubMed
Cnops 2012
    1. Cnops L, Tannich E, Polman K, Clerinx J, Esbroeck M. Schistosoma real‐time PCR as diagnostic tool for international travellers and migrants. Tropical Medical International Health 2012;17(10):1208‐16. - PubMed
CWG 1992
    1. Cairo Working Group (CWG). The use of diagnostic ultrasound in schistosomiasis‐‐attempts at standardization of methodology. Acta Tropica 1992;51(1):45‐63. - PubMed
Danso‐Appiah 2002
    1. Danso‐Appiah A, Vlas SJ. Interpreting low praziquantel cure rates of Schistosoma mansoni infections in Senegal. Trends in Parasitology 2002;18(3):125‐9. - PubMed
Danso‐Appiah 2004
    1. Danso‐Appiah A, Vlas SJ, Bosompem KM, Habbema JDF. Determinants of health‐seeking behaviour for schistosomiasis‐related symptoms in the context of integrating schistosomiasis control within the regular health services in Ghana. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2004;9(7):784–94. - PubMed
Danso‐Appiah 2008
    1. Danso‐Appiah A, Utzinger J, Liu J, Olliaro PL. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue Issue 3. Art. No: CD000053. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000053.pub2. - PubMed
Danso‐Appiah 2009
    1. Danso‐Appiah A, Garner P, Olliaro PL, Utzinger J. Treatment of urinary schistosomiasis: methodological issues and research needs identified through a Cochrane systematic review. Parasitology 2009;136(13):1837‐49. - PubMed
Davis 2009
    1. Davis A. Schistosomiasis [Section 11, Chapter 82: Helminth infections]. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 22nd Edition. WB Saunders, 2009:1425‐60.
De Clercq 2002
    1. Clercq D, Vercruysse J, Kongs A, Verle P, Dompnier JP, Faye PC. Efficacy of artesunate and praziquantel in Schistosoma haematobium infected schoolchildren. Acta Tropica 2002;82:61‐6. - PubMed
de Vlas 1992
    1. Vlas SJ, Gryseels B. Underestimation of Schistosoma mansoni prevalences. Parasitology Today 1992;8:274‐7. - PubMed
de Vlas 1997
    1. Vlas SJ, Engels D, Rabello AL, Oostburg BF, Lieshout L, Polderman AM, et al. Validation of a chart to estimate true Schistosoma mansoni prevalences from simple egg counts. Parasitology 1997;114(Pt 2):113‐21. - PubMed
Doehring‐Schwerdtfeger 1992
    1. Doehring‐Schwerdtfeger E, Abdel‐Rahim IM, Kardorff R, Kaiser C, Franke D, Schlake J, et al. Ultrasonographical investigations of periportal fibrosis in children with Schistosoma mansoni infection: reversibility of morbidity twenty‐three months after treatment with praziquantel. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1992;46:409‐15. - PubMed
Doenhoff 1998
    1. Doenhoff MJ. Is schistosomacidal chemotherapy sub‐curative? Implications for drug resistance. Parasitology Today 1998;14:434‐5. - PubMed
Doenhoff 2004
    1. Doenhoff MJ, Chiodini PL, Hamilton JV. Specific and sensitive diagnosis of schistosome infection: can it be done with antibodies?. Trends in Parasitology 2004;20(1):35‐9. - PubMed
Doenhoff 2008
    1. Doenhoff MJ, Cioli D, Utzinger J. Praziquantel: mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2008;21(6):659‐67. - PubMed
Engels 1996
    1. Engels D, Sinzinkayo E, Gryseels B. Day‐to‐day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1996;54(4):319‐24. - PubMed
Engels 1997
    1. Engels D, Sinzinkayo E, Vlas SJ, Gryseels B. Intraspecimen fecal egg count variation in Schistosoma mansoni infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;57(5):571‐7. - PubMed
Engels 2002
    1. Engels D, Chitsulo L, Montresor A, Savioli L. The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research. Acta Tropica 2002;82(2):139‐46. - PMC - PubMed
Enk 2008
    1. Enk MJ, Lima AC, Drummond SC, Schall VT, Coelho PM. The effect of the number of stool samples on the observed prevalence and the infection intensity with Schistosoma mansoni among a population in an area of low transmission. Acta Tropica 2008;108(2‐3):222‐8. - PubMed
Enk 2012
    1. Enk MJ, Oliveira e Silva G, Rodrigues NB. Diagnostic accuracy and applicability of a PCR system for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA in human urine samples from an endemic area. PLoS One 2012;7(6):e38947. - PMC - PubMed
Favre 2009
    1. Favre TC, Pereira AP, Galvão AF, Zani LC, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS. A rationale for schistosomiasis control in elementary schools of the rainforest zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2009;3(3):e395.doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000395. - PMC - PubMed
Fenwick 2009
    1. Fenwick A, Webster JP, Bosque‐Oliva E, Blair L, Fleming FM, Zhang Y, et al. The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002‐2008. Parasitology 2009;136(13):1719‐30. - PubMed
Foster 1987
    1. Foster R. A review of clinical experience with oxamniquine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1987;81(1):55‐9. - PubMed
Glinz 2010
    1. Glinz D, Kigbafori SD, Knopp S, Yao PK, Lohourignon LK, Steinmann P, et al. Comparison of Kato‐Katz, koga agar plate, ether‐concentration, and FLOTAC techniques for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and soil‐transmitted helminths. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2010;4(7):e754. - PMC - PubMed
Gray 2011
    1. Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li Y‐S, McManus DP. Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. BMJ 2011;342:d2651. - PMC - PubMed
Gryseels 1992
    1. Gryseels B, Polderman AM, Engels D. Experiences with the control of schistosomiasis mansoni in two foci in central Africa. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1992;87(Suppl 4):187‐94. - PubMed
Gryseels 1996
    1. Gryseels B, Vlas SJ. Worm burdens in schistosome infections. Parasitology Today 1996;12(3):115‐9. - PubMed
Gryseels 2006
    1. Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2006;368(9541):1106‐18. - PubMed
Gryseels 2012
    1. Gryseels B. Schistosomiasis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2012;26(2):383‐97. - PubMed
Hackett 1944
    1. Hackett W. Spleen measurement in malaria. Journal of the Malaria Society 1944;3:121‐3.
Hatz 1990
    1. Hatz CF, Savioli L, Mayombana C, Dhunputh J, Kisumku UM, Tanner M. Measurement of schistosomiasis‐related morbidity at community level in areas of different endemicity. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1990;68(6):777‐87. - PMC - PubMed
Hatz 2001
    1. Hatz CF. The use of ultrasound in schistosomiasis. Advances in Parasitology 2001;48:225‐84. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. www.cochrane‐handbook.org, 2011.
Hotez 2006
    1. Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Ottesen E, Ehrlich Sachs S, Sachs JD. Incorporating a rapid‐impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. PLoS Medicine 2006;3:e102. - PMC - PubMed
Inyang‐Etoh 2004
    1. Inyang‐Etoh PC, Ejezie GC, Useh MF, Inyang‐Etoh EC. Efficacy of artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis, in an endemic community in Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 2004;98(5):491‐9. - PubMed
Inyang‐Etoh 2009
    1. Inyang‐Etoh PC, Ejezie GC, Useh MF, Inyang‐Etoh EC. Efficacy of a combination of praziquantel and artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009;103:38‐44. - PubMed
Katz 1972
    1. Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J. A simple device for quantitative stool thick‐smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 1972;14(6):397‐400. - PubMed
Katz 2008
    1. Katz N, Coelho PM. Clinical therapy of schistosomiasis mansoni: the Brazilian contribution. Acta Tropica 2008;108(2‐3):72‐8. - PubMed
King 2005
    1. King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helminthic infection: a meta‐analysis of disability‐related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 2005;365(9470):1561‐9. - PubMed
King 2007
    1. King CH. Lifting the burden of schistosomiasis‐‐defining elements of infection‐associated disease and the benefits of antiparasite treatment. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007;196(5):653‐5. - PubMed
King 2008a
    1. King CH, Bertino A‐M. Asymmetries of poverty: why global burden of disease valuations underestimate the burden of neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2008;2(3):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
King 2008b
    1. King CH, Dangerfield‐Cha M. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illness 2008;4:65‐79. - PubMed
King 2010
    1. King CH. Health metrics for helminthic infections. Advances in Parasitology 2010;73:51‐69. - PubMed
Kongs 2001
    1. Kongs A, Marks G, Verlé P, Stuyft P. The unreliability of the Kato‐Katz technique limits its usefulness for evaluating S. mansoni infections. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2001;6(3):163‐9. - PubMed
Koukounari 2010
    1. Koukounari A, Donnelly CA, Sacko M, Keita AD, Landoure A, Dembele R, et al. The impact of single versus mixed schistosome species infections on liver, spleen and bladder morbidity within Malian children pre‐ and post‐praziquantel treatment. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010;10(1):227. - PMC - PubMed
Legesse 2007
    1. Legesse M, Erko B. Field‐based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen in urine before and after chemotherapy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;101(7):668‐73. - PubMed
Legesse 2008
    1. Legesse M, Erko B. Field‐based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine in low endemic area in Ethiopia. Parasite 2008;15(2):151‐5. - PubMed
Liu 2011
    1. Liu R, Dong HF, Guo Y, Zhao QP, Jiang MS. Efficacy of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of human schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Parasites and Vectors 2011;4:201. - PMC - PubMed
Magnussen 2001
    1. Magnussen P, Ndawi B, Sheshe AK, Byskov J, Mbwana K, Christensen NO. The impact of a school health programme on the prevalence and morbidity of urinary schistosomiasis in Mwera Division, Pangani District, Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;95(1):58‐64. - PubMed
Mohamed‐Ali 1991
    1. Mohamed‐Ali Q, Doehring‐Schwerdtfeger E, Abdel‐Rahim IM, Schlake J, Kardorff R, Franke D, et al. Ultrasonographical investigations of periportal fibrosis in children with Schistosoma mansoni infection: reversibility of morbidity seven months after treatment with praziquantel. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;44:444‐51. - PubMed
Naus 2003
    1. Naus CW, Booth M, Jones FM, Kemijumbi J, Vennervald BJ, Kariuki CH, et al. The relationship between age, sex, egg‐count and specific antibody responses against Schistosoma mansoni antigens in a Ugandan fishing community. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2003;8(6):561‐8. - PubMed
Polman 2001
    1. Polman K, Stelma FF, Vlas SJ, Sow S, Fathers L, Cessie S, et al. Dynamics of egg counts and circulating antigen levels in a recent Schistosoma mansoni focus in northern Senegal. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2001;6:538‐44. - PubMed
Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
Richter 2003a
    1. Richter J. The impact of chemotherapy on morbidity due to schistosomiasis. Acta Tropica 2003;86(2‐3):161‐83. - PubMed
Richter 2003b
    1. Richter J, Hatz C, Häussinger D. Ultrasound in tropical and parasitic diseases. Lancet 2003;362(9387):900‐2. - PubMed
Sabah 1986
    1. Sabah AA, Fletcher C, Webbe G, Doenhoff MJ. Schistosoma mansoni: chemotherapy of infections of different ages. Experimental Parasitology 1986;61:294‐303. - PubMed
Sandoval 2006
    1. Sandoval N, Siles‐Lucas M, Pérez‐Arellano JL, Carranza C, Puente S, López‐Abán J, et al. A new PCR‐based approach for the specific amplification of DNA from different Schistosoma species applicable to human urine samples. Parasitology 2006;133(Pt 5):581‐7. - PubMed
Savioli 2004
    1. Savioli L, Albonico M, Engels D, Montresor A. Progress in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminthiasis. Parasitology International 2004;53(2):103‐13. - PubMed
Savioli 2009
    1. Savioli L, Gabrielli AF, Montresor A, Chitsulo L, Engels D. Schistosomiasis control in Africa: 8 years after World Health Assembly Resolution 54.19. Parasitology 2009;136(13):1677‐81. - PMC - PubMed
Steinmann 2006
    1. Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta‐analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2006;6(7):411‐25. - PubMed
Sturrock 2001
    1. Sturrock RF. Schistosomiasis epidemiology and control: how did we get here and where should we go?. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2001;96(Suppl):17‐27. - PubMed
Teesdale 1976
    1. Teesdale CH, Amin MA. A simple thick‐smear technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1976;54(6):703‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Utzinger 2000c
    1. Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, Ossey YA, Booth M, Traoré M, Lohourignon KL, et al. Rapid screening for Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire using a simple school questionnaire. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000;78(3):389‐98. - PMC - PubMed
Utzinger 2001
    1. Utzinger J, Xiao S, NGoran EK, Bergquist R, Tanner M. The potential of artemether for the control of schistosomiasis. International Journal for Parasitology 2001;31(14):1549‐62. - PubMed
Utzinger 2001a
    1. Utzinger J, Booth M, NGoran EK, Müller I, Tanner M, Lengeler C. Relative contribution of day‐to‐day and intra‐specimen variation in faecal egg counts of Schistosoma mansoni before and after treatment with praziquantel. Parasitology 2001;122(Pt 5):537‐44. - PubMed
Utzinger 2002
    1. Utzinger J, Chollet J, Tu Z, Xiao S, Tanner M. Comparative study of the effects of artemether and artesunate on juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni in experimentally infected mice. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Hygiene 2002;96(3):318–23. - PubMed
Utzinger 2003
    1. Utzinger J, Keiser J, Xiao SH, Tanner M, Singer BH. Combination chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2003;47:1487‐95. - PMC - PubMed
Utzinger 2007
    1. Utzinger J, Xiao SH, Tanner M, Keiser J. Artemisinins for schistosomiasis and beyond. Current Opinion on Investigational Drugs 2007;8(2):105‐16. - PubMed
Utzinger 2009
    1. Utzinger J, Raso G, Brooker S, Savigny D, Tanner M, Ornbjerg N, et al. Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution. Parasitology 2009;136(13):1859‐74. - PMC - PubMed
van der Werf 2003
    1. Werf MJ, Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JDF, et al. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub‐Saharan Africa. Acta Tropica 2003;86(2‐3):125‐39. - PubMed
Webster 2009
    1. Webster JP, Koukounari A, Lamberton PH, Stothard JR, Fenwick A. Evaluation and application of potential schistosome‐associated morbidity markers within large‐scale mass chemotherapy programmes. Parasitology 2009;136(13):1789‐99. - PubMed
WHO 1985
    1. WHO. The control of schistosomiasis. Report of WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 728. Geneva. 1985. - PubMed
WHO 2001
    1. WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Schistosomiasis (Geneva, Switzerland). Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series 912. 2001. - PubMed
WHO 2002
    1. WHO. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminthiasis. Report of a WHO expert committee WHO Technical Report Series. No 912.1‐57. 2002. - PubMed
WHO 2004
    1. WHO. World Health Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2004.
WHO 2006
    1. WHO. Preventive Chemotherapy guidelines. Report of a WHO expert committee, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2006.
Zhang 2007
    1. Zhang Y, Koukounari A, Kabatereine N, Fleming F, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa E, et al. Parasitological impact of 2‐year preventive chemotherapy on schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda. BMC Medicine 2007;3:5:27. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources