Comparison of nicotine and carcinogen exposure with water pipe and cigarette smoking

Abstract

Background: Smoking tobacco preparations in a water pipe (hookah) is widespread in many places of the world and is perceived by many as relatively safe. We investigated biomarkers of toxicant exposure with water pipe compared with cigarette smoking.

Methods: We conducted a crossover study to assess daily nicotine and carcinogen exposure with water pipe and cigarette smoking in 13 people who were experienced in using both products.

Results: When smoking an average of 3 water pipe sessions compared with smoking 11 cigarettes per day (cpd), water pipe use was associated with a significantly lower intake of nicotine, greater exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), and a different pattern of carcinogen exposure compared with cigarette smoking, with greater exposure to benzene, and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), but less exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, and low molecular weight PAHs.

Conclusions: A different pattern of carcinogen exposure might result in a different cancer risk profile between cigarette and water pipe smoking. Of particular concern is the risk of leukemia related to high levels of benzene exposure with water pipe use.

Impact: Smoking tobacco in water pipes has gained popularity in the United States and around the world. Many believe that water pipe smoking is not addictive and less harmful than cigarette smoking. We provide data on toxicant exposure that will help guide regulation and public education regarding water pipe health risk.

Fig 1

Mean plasma concentration of nicotine (Fig 1a) and expired carbon monoxide (Fig 1b) over 24 hours on day 4 of the treatment arms, comparing daily use of water pipe and cigarettes. Mean (SEM) of 13 subjects.

Fig 2

Geometric mean urine concentrations of total NNAL (Fig 2a), 2-naphthol (Fig 2b) and 1-hydroxpyrene (Fig 2c) over 24 hours on day 4 of the treatment arms, comparing daily use of water pipe and cigarettes. Geometric mean (95% CI of mean) of 13 subjects.

Fig 3

Geometric mean urine concentrations of phenylmercapturic acid (benzene metabolite, Fig 3a) and 2-hydroxy-3-butenylmercapturic acid (1,3-butadiene metabolite, Fig 3b) over 24 hours on day 4 of the treatment arms, comparing daily use of water pipe and cigarettes. Geometric mean (95% CI of mean) of 13 subjects.