Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2013 Mar;133(3):1656-66.
doi: 10.1121/1.4789931.

Development of a glottal area index that integrates glottal gap size and open quotient

Gang Chen  1 , Jody Kreiman, Bruce R Gerratt, Juergen Neubauer, Yen-Liang Shue, Abeer Alwan
Affiliations

Development of a glottal area index that integrates glottal gap size and open quotient

Gang Chen et al. J Acoust Soc Am. 2013 Mar.

Abstract

Because voice signals result from vocal fold vibration, perceptually meaningful vibratory measures should quantify those aspects of vibration that correspond to differences in voice quality. In this study, glottal area waveforms were extracted from high-speed videoendoscopy of the vocal folds. Principal component analysis was applied to these waveforms to investigate the factors that vary with voice quality. Results showed that the first principal component derived from tokens without glottal gaps was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with the open quotient (OQ). The alternating-current (AC) measure had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on the first principal component among tokens exhibiting glottal gaps. A measure AC/OQ, defined as the ratio of AC to OQ, was proposed to combine both amplitude and temporal characteristics of the glottal area waveform for both complete and incomplete glottal closures. Analyses of "glide" phonations in which quality varied continuously from breathy to pressed showed that the AC/OQ measure was able to characterize the corresponding continuum of glottal area waveform variation, regardless of the presence or absence of glottal gaps.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Examples showing how glottal measures (AC, DC, and OQ) were determined from glottal area waveforms. (a) Complete glottal closure. (b),(c) Incomplete glottal closures.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(Color online) Waveforms representing extreme cases on the first two PCA factors for each speaker (F1, F2, F3, M1, M2, and M3).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(Color online) Examples of reconstructed waveforms using the first two PC scores (dashed line) and original waveforms (solid line) from speaker F1. (a) Breathy, (b) modal, and (c) pressed.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(Color online) Data distribution, for all speakers, in the PCA space labeled by nominal voice qualities.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(Color online) Data distribution in the PCA space labeled by voice qualities for each speaker.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Four synthetic glottal area waveforms showing how the changes in OQ and DC offset affect AC/OQ values. Note that OQ for (a) and (b) is equal to one.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(Color online) AC/OQ and CPP values with changes in the target voice quality (breathy, modal, and pressed) for the six speakers (F1, F2, F3, M1, M2, and M3).
Figure 8
Figure 8
The glottal area waveforms during a voice quality “glide” phonation (from breathy to pressed) from speaker F1. The plots are sequential from left to right and top to bottom, according to cycle index numbers.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(Color online) The voice source measures (OQ, DC, AC, and AC/OQ) and the acoustic measure CPP for voice quality “glide” phonations from breathy to pressed for four speakers (F1, M1, M4, and M5). For clarity, AC/OQ has been normalized to a maximum value of 1 and a minimum value of 0.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Alku, P. (1992). “ Glottal wave analysis with pitch synchronous iterative adaptive inverse filtering,” Speech Commun. 11, 109–118.10.1016/0167-6393(92)90005-R - DOI
    1. Alku, P., Bäckström, T., and Vilkman, E. (2002). “ Normalized amplitude quotient for parameterization of the glottal flow,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 701–710.10.1121/1.1490365 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alku, P., Magi, C., Yrttiaho, S., Bäckström, T., and Story, B. (2009). “ Closed phase covariance analysis based on constrained linear prediction for glottal inverse filtering,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 3289–3305.10.1121/1.3095801 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alku, P., Story, B., and Airas, M. (2006). “ Estimation of the voice source from speech pressure signals: Evaluation of an inverse filtering technique using physical modeling of voice production,” Folia Phoniatr. Logop. 58, 102–113.10.1159/000089611 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chen, G., Kreiman, J., Shue, Y.-L., and Alwan, A. (2011). “ Acoustic correlates of glottal gaps,” in Interspeech, pp. 2673–2676.

Publication types