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Comparative Study
. 2013 Jul;92(4):451-7.
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.109. Epub 2013 Mar 5.

Comparison of polyurethane foam and XAD-2 sampling matrices to measure airborne organophosphorus pesticides and their oxygen analogs in an agricultural community

Jenna L Armstrong  1 , Richard A Fenske, Michael G Yost, Maria Tchong-French, Jianbo Yu
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Comparison of polyurethane foam and XAD-2 sampling matrices to measure airborne organophosphorus pesticides and their oxygen analogs in an agricultural community

Jenna L Armstrong et al. Chemosphere. 2013 Jul.

Abstract

Side-by-side active air sampling for the organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its oxygen analog, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O) was conducted with two recommended air sampling matrices: OSHA Versatile Sampling (OVS) tubes with XAD-2 resin, polyurethane foam (PUF) tubes, and passive PUF deposition disks. The study compared the proportion of artificially transformed CPF-O in the laboratory and in the field during a tree fruit application in Washington State. Lab results demonstrated that the NIOSH-recommended OVS tubes artificially transformed up to 32% of CPF to CPF-O during the sampling process, whereas PUF tubes had little to no artificial transformation (⩽0.1%). In the field, the proportion of CPF-O in the sample was significantly higher on OVS tubes than on PUF tubes (p<0.001), confirming that OVS tubes were converting a significant portion of CPF to CPF-O. In addition, PUF tubes reported measurable levels CPF-O in the field even when no artificial transformation was expected. We conclude that the PUF matrix is the superior sampling medium for OP oxygen analogs when compared to XAD-two resin. Community-located PUF tube samples 24h post-application had considerably higher levels CPF-O (16-21ngm(-3)) than near field samples during application (2-14ngm(-3)), suggesting that the oxygen analog is volatile and formed during atmospheric transport. It is recommended that worker and community risk assessments begin to take into consideration the presence of the more toxic oxygen analogs when measuring for OP pesticide mixtures.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Recent evidence demonstrates that CPF may undergo photolysis or reaction with oxidizing agents during atmospheric transport in the environment.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Side by side collection PUF and OVS sampling matrices
Samples were co-located, hung from sampling masts, and wrapped with aluminum foil to reduce potential reactions with UV light. Flow rates were recorded using rotameters.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Side-by-side PUF and OVS Comparison
of near field CPF and CPF-O sampling (orchard perimeter) during an application (6 hour sampling period) and far field sampling (community) post application (24 hour sampling period). Bars and whiskers represent mean and standard deviation values, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Mass loading (mg/m2) for chlorpyrifos (CPF) and chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O)
Particle deposition sampling after removal upon re-entry 2 hours later and an extended 6 hours later, near the orchard perimeter. Bars and whiskers represent mean and standard deviation values, respectively.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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