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Review
. 2013 Mar 11;11(3):747-74.
doi: 10.3390/md11030747.

Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chitin/chitosan production using marine waste sources: characteristics, applications and eco-friendly processes: a review

José Antonio Vázquez  1 , Isabel Rodríguez-Amado, María Ignacia Montemayor, Javier Fraguas, María Del Pilar González, Miguel Anxo Murado
Affiliations
Review

Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chitin/chitosan production using marine waste sources: characteristics, applications and eco-friendly processes: a review

José Antonio Vázquez et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

In the last decade, an increasing number of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chitin and chitosan applications have been reported. Their commercial demands have been extended to different markets, such as cosmetics, medicine, biotechnology, food and textiles. Marine wastes from fisheries and aquaculture are susceptible sources for polymers but optimized processes for their recovery and production must be developed to satisfy such necessities. In the present work, we have reviewed different alternatives reported in the literature to produce and purify chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitin/chitosan (CH/CHs) with the aim of proposing environmentally friendly processes by combination of various microbial, chemical, enzymatic and membranes strategies and technologies.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of chondroitin sulfate (CS) recovery and purification processes from marine cartilage by-products. SED: sediment, SUP: supernatant, PER: permeate and RET: retentate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flowchart of purification methods to extract hyaluronic acid (HA) from vitreous humor (VH) of fish eyeball. SED: sediment, SUP: supernatant, PER: permeate and RET: retentate.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scheme of CH and CHs preparation from crustacean shell waste using chemical methods.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scheme of chitin and chitosan preparation from crustacean shell waste using eco-friendly methods.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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