Neuropathic pain in the community: more under-treated than refractory?

Abstract

Best current estimates of neuropathic pain prevalence come from studies using screening tools detecting pain with probable neuropathic features; the proportion experiencing significant, long-term neuropathic pain, and the proportion not responding to standard treatment are unknown. These "refractory" cases are the most clinically important to detect, being the most severe, requiring specialist treatment. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of neuropathic pain in the population that is "refractory," and to quantify associated clinical and demographic features. We posted self-administered questionnaires to 10,000 adult patients randomly selected from 10 general practitioner practices in 5 UK locations. The questionnaire contained chronic pain identification and severity questions, cause of pain, SF-12, EQ-5D, S-LANSS (Self-administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms), PSEQ (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire), use of neuropathic pain medications, and health care utilisation. These data were combined to determine the presence and characteristics of "refractory" neuropathic pain according to the defining features identified by a Delphi survey of international experts. Graded categories of chronic pain with and without neuropathic characteristics were generated, incorporating the refractory criteria. Completed questionnaires were returned by 4451 individuals (response rate 47%); 399 had "chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics" (S-LANSS positive, 8.9% of the study sample); 215 (53.9%) also reported a positive relevant history ("Possible neuropathic pain"); and 98 (4.5% of all Chronic Pain) also reported an "adequate" trial of at least one neuropathic pain drug ("Treated possible neuropathic pain"). The most refractory cases were associated with dramatically poorer physical and mental health, lower pain self-efficacy, higher pain intensity and pain-related disability, and greater health care service use.

Fig. 1

Outline of respondents chronic pain status/groups for analysis. S-LANSS, Self-administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms; NeuP, NeuP, neuropathic pain; NC, neuropathic characteristics; HRQoL, health-related quality of life.

Fig. 2

Proportion of pain respondents who are currently or have ever consulted a health care professional for their chronic pain (n = 1569 individuals without neuropathic characteristics [NC]; n = 215 Possible Neuropathic^a; n = 98 Treated Possible^b; n = 10 Refractory Possible neuropathic^c). ^aS-LANSS (Self-administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms) positive and relevant history and no neuropathic pain (NeuP) medications. ^bS-LANSS positive and relevant history and adequate trial of at least one NeuP medication. ^cPossible NeuP (S-LANSS positive and relevant history) and adequate trial of 4 or more drugs and poor QoL OR pain severity >5 and pain duration more than 6 months.