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Review
. 2013 Apr;14(4):288-95.
doi: 10.1038/nrg3458.

Enhancers: five essential questions

Len A Pennacchio  1 , Wendy Bickmore, Ann Dean, Marcelo A Nobrega, Gill Bejerano
Affiliations
Review

Enhancers: five essential questions

Len A Pennacchio et al. Nat Rev Genet. 2013 Apr.

Abstract

It is estimated that the human genome contains hundreds of thousands of enhancers, so understanding these gene-regulatory elements is a crucial goal. Several fundamental questions need to be addressed about enhancers, such as how do we identify them all, how do they work, and how do they contribute to disease and evolution? Five prominent researchers in this field look at how much we know already and what needs to be done to answer these questions.

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References

    1. Visel A, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA. Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers. Nature. 2009;461:199–205. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mohrs M, et al. Deletion of a coordinate regulator of type 2 cytokine expression in mice. Nature Immunol. 2001;2:842–847. - PubMed
    1. Bejerano G, et al. Ultraconserved elements in the human genome. Science. 2004;304:1321–1325. - PubMed
    1. Pennacchio LA, et al. In vivo enhancer analysis of human conserved non-coding sequences. Nature. 2006;444:499–502. - PubMed
    1. Visel A, et al. Ultraconservation identifies a small subset of extremely constrained developmental enhancers. Nature Genet. 2008;40:158–160. - PMC - PubMed

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