Effects of varenicline and bupropion sustained-release use plus intensive smoking cessation counseling on prolonged abstinence from smoking and on depression, negative affect, and other symptoms of nicotine withdrawal

Abstract

Importance: Given the actions of varenicline tartrate and bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release (SR) on neurobiological targets related to affect and reward, it is thought that the modulation of nicotine withdrawal symptoms may contribute to their effectiveness.

Objective: To assess the relative efficacy of varenicline and bupropion SR plus intensive counseling on smoking cessation and emotional functioning.

Design and setting: Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial at a university medical center.

Participants: In total, 294 community volunteers who wanted to quit smoking.

Interventions: Twelve weeks of varenicline, bupropion SR, or placebo plus intensive smoking cessation counseling (10 sessions, for a total of approximately 240 minutes of counseling).

Main outcome measures: Prolonged abstinence from smoking and weekly measures of depression, negative affect, and other symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.

Results: Significant differences were found in abstinence at the end of treatment and through the 3-month postquit follow-up visit, favoring both active medications compared with placebo. At the 6-month postquit follow-up visit, only the varenicline vs placebo comparison remained significant. Varenicline use was also associated with a generalized suppression of depression and reduced smoking reward compared with the other treatments, while both active medications improved concentration, reduced craving, and decreased negative affect and sadness compared with placebo, while having little effect (increase or decrease) on anxiety and anger. No differences were noted in self-reported rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events.

Conclusions and relevance: In a community sample, varenicline exerts a robust and favorable effect on smoking cessation relative to placebo and may have a favorable (suppressive) effect on symptoms of depression and other affective measures, with no clear unfavorable effect on neuropsychiatric adverse events.

Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00507728.

Figure 1

Consort Table for Patient Allocation

Figure 2

Study Visit Time Line

Figure 3

Main Effects of Abstinence, Treatment, and Treatment by Abstinence Interactions for PANAS Negative and Positive Affect Scores, CES-D, mCEQ Psychological Reward scale (in smokers who relapsed), and WSWS scales of Sadness, Anxiety, Anger Hunger and Craving (p-values are for the actual comparison of individual group means)