Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once-daily morning or evening injections in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin (GetGoal-M)

Abstract

Objective: To examine the efficacy and safety of lixisenatide (20 μg once daily, administered before the morning or evening meal) as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with metformin alone.

Research design and methods: This was a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 680 patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7-10% [53-86 mmol/mol]). Patients were randomized to lixisenatide morning (n = 255), lixisenatide evening (n = 255), placebo morning (n = 85), or placebo evening (n = 85) injections.

Results: Lixisenatide morning injection significantly reduced mean HbA1c versus combined placebo (mean change -0.9% [9.8 mmol/mol] vs. -0.4% [4.4 mmol/mol]; least squares [LS] mean difference vs. placebo -0.5% [5.5 mmol/mol], P < 0.0001). HbA1c was significantly reduced by lixisenatide evening injection (mean change -0.8% [8.7 mmol/mol] vs. -0.4% [4.4 mmol/mol]; LS mean difference -0.4% [4.4 mmol/mol], P < 0.0001). Lixisenatide morning injection significantly reduced 2-h postprandial glucose versus morning placebo (mean change -5.9 vs. -1.4 mmol/L; LS mean difference -4.5 mmol/L, P < 0.0001). LS mean difference in fasting plasma glucose was significant in both morning (-0.9 mmol/L, P < 0.0001) and evening (-0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.0046) groups versus placebo. Mean body weight decreased to a similar extent in all groups. Rates of adverse events were 69.4% in both lixisenatide groups and 60.0% in the placebo group. Rates for nausea and vomiting were 22.7 and 9.4% for lixisenatide morning and 21.2 and 13.3% for lixisenatide evening versus 7.6 and 2.9% for placebo, respectively. Symptomatic hypoglycemia occurred in 6, 13, and 1 patient for lixisenatide morning, evening, and placebo, respectively, with no severe episodes.

Conclusions: In patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin, lixisenatide 20 μg once daily administered in the morning or evening significantly improved glycemic control, with a pronounced postprandial effect, and was well tolerated.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00712673.

Figure 1

Mean HbA_1c (A) and mean FPG (B) over 24 weeks with lixisenatide morning once-daily regimen, lixisenatide evening once-daily regimen, and placebo. Data are mean (±SE) as observed for the mITT population. For HbA_1c, LS mean change difference vs. placebo at week 24, P < 0.0001 (morning and evening). For FPG, LS mean change difference vs. placebo at week 24, P < 0.0001 (morning) and P = 0.0046 (evening). LOCF, last observation carried forward.

Figure 2

LS mean change in postprandial glucose (A) and glucose excursion (B) from baseline to week 24 (last observation carried forward [LOCF]) with lixisenatide morning and placebo morning once-daily regimens. Data are mean values for the mITT population. Error bars represent the standard error. Glucose excursion calculated as 2-h PPG minus plasma glucose 30 min prior to the meal before study drug administration.