The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design

Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are recombinant receptors that provide both antigen-binding and T-cell-activating functions. A multitude of CARs has been reported over the past decade, targeting an array of cell surface tumor antigens. Their biologic functions have dramatically changed following the introduction of tripartite receptors comprising a costimulatory domain, termed second-generation CARs. These have recently shown clinical benefit in patients treated with CD19-targeted autologous T cells. CARs may be combined with costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, or cytokines to further enhance T-cell potency, specificity, and safety. CARs represent a new class of drugs with exciting potential for cancer immunotherapy.

Significance: CARs are a new class of drugs with great potential for cancer immunotherapy. Upon their expression in T lymphocytes, CARs direct potent, targeted immune responses that have recently shown encouraging clinical outcomes in a subset of patients with B-cell malignancies. This review focuses on the design of CARs, including the requirements for optimal antigen recognition and different modalities to provide costimulatory support to targeted T cells, which include the use of second- and third generation CARs, costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, and cytokines.

Figure 1. Three generation of CARs

Left: First generation CARs, including activating receptors such as CD8/CD3z fusion receptors and T-bodies; middle: Second generation CARs providing dual-signaling to direct combined activating and costimulatory signals; right: Third generation CARs comprising more complex structures with 3 or more signaling domains.

Figure 2. Strategies to provide costimulatory support to CAR-modified T cells

From upper left: UL, physiological costimulatory ligand display by professional or artificial antigen presenting cells; UR, auto- and trans-costimulation by T cells expressing costimulatory ligands; LR, embedded costimulation provided by second or third generation CARs; LL, redirected costimulation mediated by an antigen-specific chimeric costimulatory receptor (CCR).