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Review
. 2013 May;35(3):259-75.
doi: 10.1007/s00281-013-0371-y. Epub 2013 Apr 4.

The unfolded protein response triggered by environmental factors

Affiliations
Review

The unfolded protein response triggered by environmental factors

Masanori Kitamura. Semin Immunopathol. 2013 May.

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in a diverse range of pathologies including ischemic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. The UPR is also triggered by various environmental factors; e.g., pollutants, infectious pathogens, therapeutic drugs, alcohol, physical stress, and malnutrition. This review summarizes current knowledge on environmental factors that induce ER stress and describes how the UPR is linked to particular pathological states after exposure to environmental triggers.

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