Epidemic spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract

Numerous reports have documented isolated transmission events or clonal outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, but knowledge of their epidemic spread remains limited. In this study, we evaluated drug resistance, strain diversity, and clustering rates in patients diagnosed with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) at the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Central TB Laboratory in Johannesburg, South Africa, between March 2004 and December 2007. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done using the indirect proportion method, while each isolate was genotyped using a combination of spoligotyping and 12-MIRU typing (12-locus multiple interspersed repetitive unit typing). Isolates from 434 MDR-TB patients were evaluated, of which 238 (54.8%) were resistant to four first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and streptomycin). Spoligotyping identified 56 different strains and 28 clusters of variable size (2 to 71 cases per cluster) with a clustering rate of 87.1%. Ten clusters included 337 (77.6%) of all cases, with strains of the Beijing genotype being most prevalent (16.4%). Combined analysis of spoligotyping and 12-MIRU typing increased the discriminatory power (Hunter Gaston discriminatory index [HGDI] = 0.962) and reduced the clustering rate to 66.8%. Resolution of Beijing genotype strains was further enhanced with the 24-MIRU-VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) typing method by identifying 15 subclusters and 19 unique strains from twelve 12-MIRU clusters. High levels of clustering among a variety of strains suggest a true epidemic spread of MDR-TB in the study setting, emphasizing the urgency of early diagnosis and effective treatment to reduce transmission within this community.

Fig 1

Phylogenetic links of Beijing genotype strains using 12-MIRU (A) and 24-MIRU (B) profiles. Solid lines show a single-locus MIRU change, while dotted lines show 2 (black) or more (gray) changes. Circles show 12-locus MIRU international type (MIT) numbers, and the color of each circle reflects the number of clinical isolates identified (n = 71), illustrating unique (sky-blue) versus clustered (deep blue, 2 to 5 strains; dark blue, 5 to 10 strains; brown, 10 to 20 strains; red, 20 or more strains) isolates. Additional color groups demonstrate likely clusters with minimal strain variation.