The role of textured material in supporting perceptual-motor functions

Abstract

Simple deformation of the skin surface with textured materials can improve human perceptual-motor performance. The implications of these findings are inexpensive, adaptable and easily integrated clothing, equipment and tools for improving perceptual-motor functionality. However, some clarification is needed because mixed results have been reported in the literature, highlighting positive, absent and/or negative effects of added texture on measures of perceptual-motor performance. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of textured materials for enhancing perceptual-motor functionality. The systematic review uncovered two variables suitable for sub-group analysis within and between studies: participant age (groupings were 18-51 years and 64.7-79.4 years) and experimental task (upright balance and walking). Evaluation of studies that observed texture effects during upright balance tasks, uncovered two additional candidate sub-groups for future work: vision (eyes open and eyes closed) and stability (stable and unstable). Meta-analysis (random effects) revealed that young participants improve performance by a small to moderate amount in upright balance tasks with added texture (SMD = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.46-0.09, Z = 2.99, P = 0.001; Tau(2) = 0.02; Chi(2) = 9.87, df = 6, P = 0.13; I(2) = 39.22). Significant heterogeneity was found in, the overall effect of texture: Tau(2) = 0.13; Chi(2) = 130.71, df = 26, P<0.0001; I(2) = 85.98%, pooled samples in upright balance tasks: Tau(2) = 0.09; Chi(2) = 101.57, df = 13, P<0.001; I(2) = 72.67%, and in elderly in upright balance tasks: Tau(2) = 0.16; Chi(2) = 39.42, df = 5, P<0.001; I(2) = 83.05%. No effect was shown for walking tasks: Tau(2) = 0.00; Chi(2) = 3.45, df = 4, P = 0.27, I(2) = 22.99%. Data provides unequivocal support for utilizing textured materials in young healthy populations for improving perceptual-motor performance. Future research is needed in young healthy populations under conditions where visual and proprioceptive information is challenged, as in high-speed movements, or where use of equipment mediates the performer-environment interaction or where dysfunctional information sources 'compete' for attention. In elderly and ailing populations data suggests further research is required to better understand contexts where texture can facilitate improved perceptual-motor performance.

Figure 1. Summary of the search strategy and selection process based on included and excluded studies.

Figure 2. Risk of bias summary.

Figure 3. Forrest plot summary of the effect of textured material on perceptual-motor performance.

CI = confidence interval; eld. = elderly group; PD = Parkinson’s disease; IV = inverse variance; random = randomized; SMD = standardized mean difference; Wt = weight. Notes: within groups vs baseline and between , groups vs baseline. The first dashed line from the top includes groups where the internodue distance was known and are in order starting with the smallest to largest internodule disatance. The remaining studies do not report details regarding internodule distance and are in order of how much information was aviliable regarding the texture material characteristics.

Figure 4. Forrest plot summary of textured material effects on perceptual-motor performance in upright balance or walking tasks.

CI = confidence interval; eld. = elderly group; PD = Parkinson’s disease; IV = inverse variance; random = randomized; SMD = standardized mean difference; Wt = weight. Note: within groups vs baseline and between , groups vs baseline.

Figure 5. Forrest plot summary of textured material effects on perceptual-motor performance in upright balance tasks – age grouped.

CI = confidence interval; IV = inverse variance; random = randomized; SMD = standardized mean difference; Wt = weight. Note: within groups vs baseline.

Figure 6. Pooled summary effect sizes in upright balance tasks grouped by ‘common’ experimental design constraints.

CI = confidence interval; IV = inverse variance; random = randomized; SMD = standardized mean difference.