Neuropathological approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity
- PMID: 23576887
- PMCID: PMC3622466
- DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.1/kjellinger
Neuropathological approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity
Abstract
Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogenous process related to a large variety of molecular changes involving multiple neuronal networks, due to alterations of neurons (synapses, axons, dendrites, etc), particularly affecting strategically important regions, such as hippocampus and prefrontal areas. A substantial proportion of nondemented, cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects show at least mild to moderate, and rarely even severe, Alzheimer-related lesions, probably representing asymptomatic preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and/or mixed pathologies. While the substrate of resilience to cognitive decline in the presence of abundant pathologies has been unclear, recent research has strengthened the concept of cognitive or brain reserve, based on neuroplasticity or the ability of the brain to manage or counteract age-related changes or pathologies by reorganizing its structure, connections, and functions via complex molecular pathways and mechanisms that are becoming increasingly better understood. Part of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis in specific areas of the brain, in particular the hippocampal formation important for memory function, the decline of which is common even in "healthy" aging. To obtain further insights into the mechanisms of brain plasticity and adult neurogenesis, as the basis for prevention and potential therapeutic options, is a major challenge of modern neurosciences.
El envejecimiento cerebral es un proceso complejo y heterogéneo que se relaciona con una gran variedad de cambios moleculares que involucran múltiples redes neuronales, a causa de alteraciones en las neuronas (sinapsis, axones, dendritas, etc.), que particularmente afecta regiones estratégicamente importantes como el hipocampo y las áreas prefrontales. Una proporción significativa de sujetos no dementes y cognitivamente no deteriorados muestran a lo menos lesiones leves a moderadas o rara vez graves que se relacionan con el Alzheimer; lesiones que representan probablemente la Enfermedad de Alzheimer preclínica asintomática ylo patologías mixtas. Si bien el sustrato de la resiliencia para la declinación cognitiva en diversas patologías ha sido poco claro, la investigación retiente ha reforzado el concepto de reserva cognitiva o cerebral, basado en la neuroplasticidad o la capacidad del cerebro de controlar o contrarrestar los cambios o patologías relacionadas con la edad al reorganizar su estructura, conexiones y funciones a través de complejas vías y mecanismos moleculares que están siendo cada vez mejor comprendidos. Parte de la neuroplasticidad es la neurogénesis adulta en áreas específicas del cerebro, en particular en la formación hipocámpica; esta área es importante para la función de memoria y se reduce con frecuencia incluso en el envejecimiento “saludable”. La obtencion de mayores conocimientos sobre los mecanismos de plasticidad cerebral y neurogénesis adulta, como base para la prevención y potentiales opciones terapéuticas, constituye un importante desafío para las modernas neurociencias.
Le vieillissement cérébral est un processus complexe et hétérogène associé à de nombreuses modifications moléculaires impliquant de multiples réseaux neuronaux en raison d'altérations de neurones (synapses, axones, dendrites, etc.) touchant particulièrement des régions stratégiques comme l'hippocampe et le cortex préfrontal. Un pourcentage important de sujets âgés non déments et sans troubles cognitifs présentent des lésions de type Alzheimer de niveau au moins léger à modéré et plus rarement sévère, témoignant probablement d'une maladie d'Alzheimer préclinique asymptomatique et/ou de troubles mixtes. Le substrat de la résilience du déclin cognitif au cours de nombreuses pathologies n'est pas clair mais des recherches récentes ont renforcé le concept de réserve cérébrale ou cognitive sur la base de la neuroplasticité ou de la capacité du cerveau à maîtriser ou à s'opposer aux modifications ou aux pathologies liées à l'âge en réorganisant ses structures, ses connexions et ses fonctions grâce à des mécanismes et des voies moléculaires complexes de mieux en mieux compris. La neurogenèse adulte fait partie de la neuroplasticité dans des aires cérébrales spécifiques comme l'hippocampe, important pour la mémoire, qui décline de façon courante même chez le sujet « sain ». Mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la plasticité cérébrale et de la neurogenèse adulte, comme base de la prévention et des solutions éventuelles de traitement, est un défi majeur pour les sciences modernes.
Keywords: brain aging; cognitive reserve; molecular mechanism; neurogenesis; neuropathology; neuroplasticity; structural and functional base.
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