Fusarium species (section Liseola) occurrence and natural incidence of beauvericin, fusaproliferin and fumonisins in maize hybrids harvested in Mexico

Abstract

Fusarium species can produce fumonisins (FBs), fusaric acid, beauvericin (BEA), fusaproliferin (FUS) and moniliformin. Data on the natural occurrence of FBs have been widely reported, but information on BEA and FUS in maize is limited. The aims of this study were to establish the occurrence of Fusarium species in different maize hybrids in Mexico, to determine the ability of Fusarium spp. isolates to produce BEA, FUS and FBs and their natural occurrence in maize. Twenty-eight samples corresponding to seven different maize hybrids were analyzed for mycobiota and natural mycotoxin contamination by LC. Fusarium verticillioides was the dominant species (44-80%) followed by F. subglutinans (13-37%) and F. proliferatum (2-16%). Beauvericin was detected in three different hybrids with levels ranging from 300 to 400 ng g(-1), while only one hybrid was contaminated with FUS (200 ng g(-1)). All samples were positive for FB1 and FB2 contamination showing levels up to 606 and 277 ng g(-1), respectively. All F. verticillioides isolates were able to produce FB1 (13.8-4,860 μg g(-1)) and some also produced FB2 and FUS. Beauvericin, FUS, FB1 and FB2 were produced by several isolates including F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans and co-production was observed. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of these toxins in maize samples from Mexico. The analysis of the presence of multiple mycotoxins in this substrate is necessary to understand the significance of these compounds in the human and animal food chains.