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Review
. 2013 May;36(5):1396-405.
doi: 10.2337/dc12-1609.

Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones

Chinmay S Marathe  1 , Christopher K Rayner, Karen L Jones, Michael Horowitz
Affiliations
Review

Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones

Chinmay S Marathe et al. Diabetes Care. 2013 May.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of the interdependent relationships of gastric emptying, incretin hormones, and postprandial glycemia. (A high-quality color representation of this figure is available in the online issue.)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Data are mean ± SEM. Blood glucose (A), plasma insulin (B), plasma GLP-1 (C), and plasma GIP (D) concentrations in response to a 120-min intraduodenal glucose infusion at 1 kcal/min (G1), 2 kcal/min (G2), 4 kcal/min (G4), or (intraduodenal) saline control (S) in 10 healthy subjects and eight type 2 diabetic patients. *P < 0.05 vs. control, #P < 0.05 vs. G1, §P < 0.05 vs. G2. Reprinted with permission from Ma et al. (11).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relationship between the effect of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol/kg/min intravenous) on gastric emptying and the rate of gastric emptying on placebo in critically ill patients (n = 25). Gastric emptying of a 100-mL nutrient liquid (Ensure) labeled with 13C octanoic acid was measured with a breath test and the gastric emptying coefficient (GEC) determined. A lower GEC is indicative of more rapid gastric emptying. R = −0.48, P < 0.001. Reprinted with permission from Deane et al. (47).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Data are mean ± SEM. Gastric emptying (A) and blood glucose (B), plasma insulin (C), plasma GLP-1 (D), plasma GIP (E), and plasma CCK (F) concentrations in response to a mashed potato meal in eight type 2 diabetic patients. On each study day, subjects ingested 350 mL beef-flavored soup 30 min before a radiolabeled mashed potato meal; 55 g whey protein was added either to the soup (whey preload), to the potato (whey in meal), or no whey was given (no whey). *P < 0.05, whey preload vs. whey in meal; #P < 0.05, whey in meal vs. no whey; §P < 0.05, whey preload vs. no whey. Reprinted with permission from Ma et al. (59).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship between the effect of exenatide subcutaneously twice a day for 5 days on postprandial glycemia (plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC) [0–3 h]) and gastric emptying (50% emptying [t50]) of a radiolabeled solid meal in type 2 diabetic patients (n = 17). Placebo, white circles; 5 μg exenatide, black triangles; and 10 μg exenatide, black squares. R = −0.49, P < 0.0001. A longer t50 is indicative of slower gastric emptying. Reprinted with permission from Linnebjerg et al. (64).
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