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Review
. 2013 Oct;37(9):579-86.
doi: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.02.004. Epub 2013 Apr 22.

Environmental non-occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer

J Ferrís  1 , O Berbel, J Alonso-López, J Garcia, J A Ortega
Affiliations
Review

Environmental non-occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer

J Ferrís et al. Actas Urol Esp. 2013 Oct.

Abstract
in English, Spanish

Context: Bladder carcinoma (BC), due its high morbidity and relapsing course, generates significant economic and health care costs. Accordingly, review the environmental nonoccupational risk factors (RF), more or less evidence-based, in the etiology and pathogenesis of BC, because the involvement of urologists is essential for prevention.

Acquisition of evidence: Review of the peer-reviewed literature (1987-2012) on nonoccupational environmental RF associated with BC retrieved from Medline, Embase and Science Citation Index. The search profiles have been "Risk factors/Epidemiology/Tobacco-smoking/Diet-nutrition-water-liquids/Radiation/Infectious/Farmacological drugs" and "Bladder cancer".

Synthesis of evidence: Smoking was associated with 50% of BC in both sexes. Smokers have a 2-5 times higher risk than nonsmokers, directly proportional to the amount and duration of addiction. Drinking water contaminated with arsenic and chromium chlorination byproducts increases the risk of BC. High consumption of red meat and saturated fat may increase the risk, while high intake of fruits and vegetables decreases it. Patients treated with cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and ionizing radiation have an increased risk of BC. Frequent and prolonged use of hair dyes and Schistosoma haematobium infestation increases the risk of BC.

Conclusions: The reduction or the cessation of smoking decrease BC. The contaminant-free water consumption with the increase of vegetal foods favour BC prevention. Cancer survivors treated with cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and radiation therapy should be monitored for early diagnosis of BC.

Contexto: El carcinoma vesical (CV), por su elevada morbilidad y evolución recidivante, genera importantes costes asistenciales y económicos. Por ello revisaremos los factores de riesgo (FR) ambientales no ocupacionales implicados, con mayor o menor evidencia científica, en la etiopatogenia del CV, pues la implicación de los urológos es fundamental para suprevención.

Adquisición de evidencia: Revisión bibliográfica de los últimos 25 años de los mencionados FR asociados al CV, obtenida de MedLine, Science Citation Index y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda han sido Risk Factors/Epidemiology/Tobacco-smoking/Diet-nutrition-water-liquids/Infectious/Radiation/Farmacological drugs y Bladder cancer.

Síntesis de evidencia: El tabaquismo se asocia al 50% de los CV en ambos sexos. Los fumadores presentan riesgos 2–5 veces superiores, dependiendo de la intensidad y duración de la adicción. El agua potable contaminada con arsénico, subproductos de cloración y cromo, incrementa el riesgo de CV. Consumos altos de carne roja y grasa saturada posiblemente aumenten el riesgo, mientras la ingesta elevada de frutas y verduras lo disminuye. La administración de ciclofosfamida, ifosfamida y radioterapia incrementa el riesgo de CV. El uso frecuente y prolongado de tintes capilares y la infestación por Schistosoma haematobium se asocian a mayores riesgos.

Conclusiones: La reducción o eliminación del tabaquismo disminuirá la prevalencia del CV. El consumo de agua sin contaminantes, con el incremento de alimentos vegetales favorece la prevención del CV. Los supervivientes de cánceres tratados con ciclofosfamida, ifosfamida y radioterapia deben ser monitorizados para el diagnóstico precoz del CV.

Keywords: Arsenic; Arsénico; Bladder cancer; Chlorination by-products; Cáncer vesical; Epidemiology; Epidemiología; Factores de riesgo; Risk factors; Schistosoma haematobium; Smoking; Subproductos cloración; Tabaquismo.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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