Hydrocephalus after arteriovenous malformation rupture

Abstract

Object: The rates and risk factors for external ventricular drain (EVD) placement and long-term shunt dependence in patients with ruptured arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have not been systematically studied. In this study the authors evaluated the rates of EVD placement and shunt dependence, and risk factors for them, in a cohort of patients with ruptured AVMs.

Methods: The records of 87 consecutive patients with ruptured AVMs were reviewed for patient demographics, hemorrhage pattern, AVM angioarchitectural features, and surgical treatment. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for EVD placement, permanent shunt dependence, and long-term outcome (as measured by the modified Rankin Scale).

Results: Thirty-eight patients (44%) required EVD placement, and 16 (18%) required a permanent shunt. Statistically significant risk factors for EVD placement in the univariate analysis included initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p = 0.002), the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH; p < 0.001), AVM-associated aneurysms (p = 0.002), and early surgery (p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed only AVM-associated aneurysms as statistically significant (p = 0.006). Risk factors for shunt placement included initial GCS score (p = 0.003), IVH (p = 0.01), deep supratentorial location (p = 0.034), and associated aneurysms (p = 0.03). Multivariate analysis revealed initial GCS score as a statistically significant risk factor (p = 0.041) as well as a strong trend for associated aneurysms (p = 0.06). Patient age, sex, associated subarachnoid hemorrhage, AVM grade, AVM size, and deep venous drainage were not associated with EVD placement or long-term shunt dependence.

Conclusions: Hydrocephalus from AVM rupture was associated with initial GCS score, IVH, and AVM-associated aneurysms. Arteriovenous malformations with associated aneurysms thus not only have a greater risk of hemorrhage but also a greater risk of hemorrhage-associated morbidity as a result of hydrocephalus.